{"id":25838,"date":"2024-05-06T20:10:18","date_gmt":"2024-05-06T20:10:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/?p=25838"},"modified":"2024-05-06T20:16:57","modified_gmt":"2024-05-06T20:16:57","slug":"timurlu-ronesansi-donemi-italyan-ronesansi-kadar-prestijli-bir-orta-asya-ronesansi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/2024\/05\/06\/timurlu-ronesansi-donemi-italyan-ronesansi-kadar-prestijli-bir-orta-asya-ronesansi\/","title":{"rendered":"Timurlu R\u00d6NESANSI D\u00d6NEM\u0130, \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131 kadar prestijli bir Orta Asya R\u00f6nesans\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Timurlu R\u00d6NESANSI D\u00d6NEM\u0130, \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131 kadar prestijli bir Orta Asya R\u00f6nesans\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uzman. Derya SOYSAL<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans hayal satar. Ancak insanl\u0131k tarihine damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran bir ba\u015fka R\u00f6nesans’tan, yani Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131’ndan \u00e7ok az ki\u015fi haberdard\u0131r. Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Timurlular taraf\u0131ndan kurulan parlak bir sanatsal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve bilimsel d\u00f6nemdir. Bu nedenle Bat\u0131 R\u00f6nesans\u0131 ile \u00e7a\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r. R\u00f6nesans, gericili\u011fin sona erdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemdir. Tarih, Orta\u00e7a\u011f d\u00f6nemini karanl\u0131k olarak tasvir eder \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc odak noktas\u0131 din olmu\u015ftur. Antik Yunan ve Romal\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n ve filozoflar\u0131n yaz\u0131lar\u0131 Bat\u0131’da yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Kilise bilimin dinle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fini iddia etmi\u015ftir. Bilim, Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kadar ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle birlikte Bizansl\u0131 bilginler, filozoflar ve bilim insanlar\u0131 Bat\u0131’ya, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130talya’ya ka\u00e7t\u0131. Yanlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck antik bilginlerin kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 da getirdiler. B\u00f6ylece Bat\u0131, Antik \u00c7a\u011f’\u0131n bilimini, \u015fiirini, tiyatrosunu, astronomisini vs. yeniden ke\u015ffetti. 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llar Antik \u00c7a\u011f’\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden canlanmas\u0131na tan\u0131k olur. Bat\u0131’da mimari, Antik \u00c7a\u011f’\u0131n prestijini yeniden kazan\u0131r ve bilim, sanat, edebiyat vb. yeniden ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 haline gelir. Kim (2018) \u015f\u00f6yle yazmaktad\u0131r: \u201cThe Renaissance is said to be the rebirth of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations with Italy as the center. It is doubtful, however, whether the same conclusion can be reached if one moves beyond the prejudice inherent in a Eurocentric historical interpretation of the Renaissance\u201d.<\/p>\n

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\u00ab\u00a0R\u00f6nesans\u00a0\u00bb Frans\u0131zca’da kelimenin tam anlam\u0131yla \u00ab\u00a0yeniden do\u011fu\u015f\u00a0\u00bb anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bir terim olarak i\u00e7eri\u011fi olduk\u00e7a geni\u015ftir: k\u00fclt\u00fcrde, bilimde, sanatta, genel olarak e\u011fitimde vb. Tarih\u00e7iler bu terimi antik bilim ve sanat\u0131n yeniden ke\u015ffedildi\u011fi Bat\u0131 d\u00f6nemine at\u0131fta bulunmak i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans, bilinmezli\u011fin hakim oldu\u011fu Orta\u00e7a\u011f d\u00f6neminden sonra bilimi yeniden \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kesinlikle hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fclemektedir. Ancak Bat\u0131’da ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada tarih dersleri Bat\u0131 R\u00f6nesans\u0131’na, \u00f6zellikle de \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131’na odaklan\u0131r. Oysa ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Do\u011fu’yu canland\u0131ran \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir R\u00f6nesans da \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda geli\u015fmekteydi. R\u00f6nesans sadece Avrupa’ya \u00f6zg\u00fc bir olgu de\u011fildir, zira Do\u011fu halklar\u0131 bunu daha \u00f6nce, \u00f6zellikle de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00d6zbekistan’\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131, MS 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda<\/p>\n

bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00d6zbekistan’da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. R\u00f6nesans g\u00f6rkemli bir d\u00f6nemdir, ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda bu \u0131\u015f\u0131k binlerce kilometre do\u011fuda parlad\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekten de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00d6zbekistan’\u0131nda \u0130pek Yolu \u00fczerinde stratejik bir konumda bulunan b\u00f6lgede bilim, sanat, edebiyat, astronomi, matematik vs. en az Bat\u0131’daki kadar g\u00f6rkemli bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Asl\u0131nda Timurlu hanedan\u0131, izleri bug\u00fcn bile g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen prestijli bir R\u00f6nesans do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Bu R\u00f6nesans, kuzeyde bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Rusya’dan g\u00fcneyde Hindistan’a, bat\u0131da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye’den do\u011fuda \u00c7in s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na kadar t\u00fcm Asya’ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu prestijli d\u00f6nem Bat\u0131’y\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcledi ve Timurlu d\u00f6neminin mimari ihti\u015fam\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k ederek \u00fclkeyi ziyaret edenleri b\u00fcy\u00fclemeye devam ediyor. Ger\u00e7ekten de Timurlular, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda r\u00f6nesans\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015f, Temur ve Timurlular d\u00f6nemindeki do\u011fulu bilginler bilimin geli\u015fmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. G\u00f6rkem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u0130talya’n\u0131n Quadrocenten’ine e\u015fde\u011fer olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Salimovna (2023) \u015f\u00f6yle ekler: \u00ab\u00a0U shon-sharaf nuqtayi-nazaridan Itaiyaning Kvadrosentosiga teng deya ta\u02bcriflanadi Temuriylar uyg\u02bbonish davri XV asrda, mo\u02bbg\u02bbul bosqinlari va istilolari yakunlangach o\u02bbz cho\u02bbqqisiga erishadi\u00a0\u00bb, yani \u00ab\u00a0Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131, Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131n\u0131n ve fetihlerinin sona erdi\u011fi 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda zirveye ula\u015ft\u0131 ve prestij a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u0130talya’n\u0131n Quattrocento’suna e\u015fit olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u00a0\u00bb. Salimovna (2023) ayr\u0131ca \u00ab\u00a0Buni biz fanda temuriylar renessansi deb atasak ham bo`ladi\u00a0\u00bb diye yazar ve bu \u00ab\u00a0Buna bilimde Timurlu r\u00f6nesans\u0131 diyebiliriz\u00a0\u00bb anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

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Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131’na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olsa da, Kim’e (2018) g\u00f6re, Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131 olarak \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131’na katk\u0131da bulunan \u015fey, soi yolunun ve ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesidir. Kim (2018) \u015f\u00f6yle yazmaktad\u0131r: \u00ab\u00a0R\u00f6nesans bu de\u011fi\u015fim ivmesi sayesinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131’n\u0131n 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fim ve geli\u015fime atfedilebilir\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Kim’e (2018) g\u00f6re, \u00ab\u00a0Bu nedenle R\u00f6nesans, \u0130pek Yolu boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin kesi\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fan bir medeniyetler kompleksinin kristalle\u015fmesiydi ve ‘Bat\u0131 R\u00f6nesans\u0131’ yerine ‘K\u00fcresel R\u00f6nesans’ olarak an\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

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Timurlu hanedan\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck Emir Timur’un askeri ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc. Ku\u015fkusuz, b\u00fcy\u00fck imparator d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren ve imparatorlu\u011funun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geni\u015fleten b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak ayn\u0131 hanedan, Bat\u0131’da \u00e7ok az bilinen ve ilgiyi hak eden sanatsal ve bilimsel bir r\u00f6nesans\u0131n da do\u011fmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n

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1. Timurlular ve b\u00fcy\u00fck hanedan\u0131n kurucusu, fatih Emir Timur<\/p>\n

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Timurlular, 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Timur \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00d6zbekistan) imparatoru olan Timur’un (Emir Temur) torunlar\u0131d\u0131r. Timur’un miras b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 imparatorluk, Semerkant’\u0131n m\u00fccevher oldu\u011fu y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve sanat r\u00f6nesans\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furdu. Timurlular, T\u00fcrkistan bozk\u0131rlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan son b\u00fcy\u00fck hanedan olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Orta Asya tarihinde kilit bir rol oynarlar. Emir Timur, Cengiz Han gibi, tarihe damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir askeri fig\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Kendisi 1336 y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015f ve 1369 y\u0131l\u0131nda askeri ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hen\u00fcz 33 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Orta Asya’n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7ebe kabilelerini birle\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve Anadolu’da sava\u015farak imparatorlu\u011funu Avrupa kap\u0131lar\u0131na kadar geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Emir Timur, 1405’teki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar zaferler biriktiren inan\u0131lmaz bir fatihti. 14’\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n bu b\u00fcy\u00fck fatihi, 1398 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 60 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Hindistan’\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 fethetti ve Delhi’yi ald\u0131. Daha sonra fetihlerini Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 I. Bayezid ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelerek tamamlad\u0131. 1402’de Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n\u0131 yendi ve sultan\u0131 esir ald\u0131. \u00d6nemli bir tarihi fig\u00fcr olan Timur, tek ba\u015f\u0131na s\u0131f\u0131rdan bir imparatorluk kurmu\u015f ve 1370-1405 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hayat\u0131n\u0131n her an\u0131 m\u00fccadele ile ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Kendisinden ba\u015flayarak ki\u015fisel m\u00fccadelesi, b\u00f6lgede birli\u011fi tesis etmek, adaletin h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu bir imparatorluk yaratmak ve in\u015fa etti\u011fi yap\u0131lar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00f6netim ilkelerini kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in devam etmi\u015ftir (Delen, 2017).<\/p>\n

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2. Timurlu r\u00f6nesans\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu<\/p>\n

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Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131, Timur soyundan gelenler taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flayan ki\u015fi Timur’dur. Askeri zaferleriyle tan\u0131n\u0131yordu, ancak bug\u00fcn onun sanatsal zaferlerinin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Her zaferden sonra Semerkant’a d\u00f6ner ve fethetti\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli topraklardan zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 ba\u015fkente getirirdi.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131, Asya ve \u0130slam tarihinde 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundan 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kadar uzanan tarihsel bir d\u00f6nemdir. \u0130slam Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n kademeli olarak gerilemesinin ard\u0131ndan, Orta Asya’da Timurlu hanedan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Timur \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, sanat ve<\/p>\n

bilimlerin yeniden canlanmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etti. Bu hareket M\u00fcsl\u00fcman d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda geni\u015f \u00e7apta yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Salimovna, 2023).<\/p>\n

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Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131’n\u0131 ba\u015flatan Emir Timur’un o\u011flu \u015eah Rukh (Shahrokh Mirza) ve e\u015fi Goharshad begim (Gavharshodbegim) olmu\u015ftur. Semerkant’ta 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n tamam\u0131na yay\u0131lan parlak bir sanatsal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve bilimsel politika geli\u015ftirdi. Bu konuda Salimovna (2023), \u015eahruh Mirza ve e\u015fi Gavhar \u015eodbegim’in Herat’taki (\u0130talyan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel r\u00f6nesans\u0131n\u0131n merkezi Floransa’n\u0131n rakibi olarak bilinir) h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile astronom ve matematik\u00e7i Mirzo Ulugbek d\u00f6neminin Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131’n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli anlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu yazar. Gelecek nesiller i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir miras b\u0131rakt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

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Orta Asya’daki Timurlu hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sanat ve bilimde bir canlanmaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 bunun \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 ihti\u015fama sahip oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Ruggiero (2007) bu s\u00f6zleri yazar: \u00ab\u00a0Combining military activity with artistic patronage to suck great effect that the fifteenth century came to be known as the era of the Timurid renaissance, a match in glory for the Italian Quattrocentro\u00a0\u00bb Ruggiero (2007), yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi, \u00ab\u00a0Askeri faaliyetleri sanatsal himaye ile birle\u015ftirerek, on be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u0130talyan Quattrocentro’sunun ihti\u015fam\u0131yla e\u015fle\u015fen Timurlu r\u00f6nesans\u0131 d\u00f6nemi olarak bilinmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Kim’e (2016) g\u00f6re, \u00ab\u00a0R\u00f6nesans’a giden yol, Avrasya’n\u0131n merkezinde Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle ba\u015flad\u0131. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda, bilginin g\u00fcnde 200 ila 300 mil aras\u0131nda seyahat etmesini sa\u011flayan bir ileti\u015fim a\u011f\u0131 olan Yam sistemi, Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun geni\u015flemesiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde aktif hale gelmi\u015ftir\u00a0\u00bb. Elbette ileti\u015fim yollar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi ticaret i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Sanat ve bilimin al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yoluyla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011finden bahsetmiyorum bile. Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi, R\u00f6nesans’\u0131n Asya’da yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda kilit bir fakt\u00f6r olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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\u0130pek Yolu, matbaa, pusula ve ate\u015fli silahlar\u0131n ticaretini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 icat, bilim ve ileri teknolojilerin aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in R\u00f6nesans’\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki itici g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc. \u00d6rne\u011fin, matbaa, bilginin s\u0131radan insanlara yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve rahiplerin y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r sahip oldu\u011fu bilgi tekelini k\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Kim (2018) \u015funlar\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r \u201cThe Timurids and their contemporaries followed the same pattern of kingship as the Mongols, combining military activity with artistic patronage.<\/p>\n

This led to the fifteenth century being known as the era of the Timurid Renaissance, matching the glory of the Italian Quattrocento\u201d, yani \u00ab\u00a0Timurlular ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131, askeri faaliyetleri sanatsal himaye ile birle\u015ftirerek Mo\u011follarla ayn\u0131 krall\u0131k modelini izlediler. Bu durum, on be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u0130talyan Quattrocento’sunun ihti\u015fam\u0131yla e\u015fle\u015fen Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131 d\u00f6nemi olarak bilinmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

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Omonullo (2023) bunlar\u0131 ekler: Timurlular d\u00f6neminde ekonomiyi, bilimi, \u00f6zellikle de manevi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc geli\u015ftiren ve b\u00f6lge ekonomisine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunan ki\u015finin 1415’ten sonra hayat\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren \u0130brahim Sultan olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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3. Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131’n\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri<\/p>\n

3.1. Mimari R\u00f6nesans<\/p>\n

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Semerkant’\u0131n, Herat’\u0131n (\u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131n\u0131n Floransa’s\u0131na e\u015fde\u011fer) yeniden in\u015fas\u0131, Ulu\u011f Bey (Emir Timur’un torunu) taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lan okullar, \u015fiir ve edebiyat\u0131n geli\u015fimi Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetleyebilir.<\/p>\n

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B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bina projeleri olu\u015fturuldu ve uyguland\u0131, t\u00fcrbeler ve medreseler in\u015fa edildi. Matematik ve astronomi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ate\u015fli silahlarda ustala\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Semerkant \u015fehri, \u00c7in’i Bat\u0131’ya ba\u011flayan \u0130pek Yolu \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir durak haline geldi (Dickens, 1999).<\/p>\n

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Timur sadece b\u00fcy\u00fck bir fatih de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir in\u015faat\u00e7\u0131yd\u0131. Timur’un an\u0131tlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 olan \u015fey ihti\u015famlar\u0131d\u0131r. Timur ba\u015fkentinde hem sek\u00fcler hem de dini an\u0131tlar ve bah\u00e7eler in\u015fa ettirmi\u015f, \u00f6zenle desenlendirilmi\u015f ta\u015f duvarlar ve zeminler ile alt\u0131n, ipek ve hal\u0131larla s\u00fcslenmi\u015f saraylar yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Emir Temur’un h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda klasik sanata olan ilgi yeniden canland\u0131. T\u00fcrbeler, medreseler ve k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck in\u015faat projeleri in\u015fa edildi. Emir Temur dikkatini \u015fehirlere \u00e7evirdi ve ilk olarak memleketi \u015eehrisabz’da muhte\u015fem Aksaroy ve g\u00fczel camilerin, ba\u015fkent Semerkant’ta g\u00f6rkemli ve l\u00fcks binalar\u0131n, T\u00fcrkistan, \u015eam ve Tebriz’de cami ve medreselerin in\u015fas\u0131nda yer ald\u0131… . Bu d\u00f6nemde Semerkant ve Herat’\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Buhara, Hive, \u015eehrisabz, Belh, Me\u015fhed, \u015eiraz gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi vard\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok d\u00fcnya bilim insan\u0131 bu merkezlerde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Salimovna, 2023).<\/p>\n

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Herat \u015fehri bu d\u00f6nemde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda entelekt\u00fcel ve sanatsal ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir merkezi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Semerkant bir bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkeziydi ve bu d\u00f6nemde in\u015fa edilmeleri nedeniyle Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131’n\u0131n merkezi haline geldi. Bu d\u00f6nemde Herat \u015fehri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bilimsel ve sanatsal ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir merkezi haline geldi. Semerkant, \u015fehirde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen imar ve y\u00fcksek ilgi sonucunda bir R\u00f6nesans ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi haline gelmi\u015ftir (Salimovna, 2023).<\/p>\n

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Timurlu d\u00f6neminin ba\u015fl\u0131ca eserleri Yazl\u0131k Saray, Bibi- Khanym Camii ve Registan’\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n harikalar\u0131ndan biri olan Tac Mahal’in Emir Timur’un soyundan gelen Bab\u00fcr \u0130mparatoru \u015eah Cihan taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmeye gerek bile yok.<\/p>\n

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Registan, Semerkant \u015fehrinin antik kalbidir ve Hindistan Genel Valisi Lord Curzon taraf\u0131ndan 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda bunlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u00ab\u00a0the noblest public square in the world\u00a0\u00bb. \u00ab\u00a0I know of nothing in the East which approaches it in its massive simplicity and grandeur,\u00a0\u00bb \u00ab\u00a0d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en asil meydan\u0131\u00a0\u00bb olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00ab\u00a0Do\u011fu’da, muazzam sadeli\u011fi ve ihti\u015fam\u0131yla ona yakla\u015fabilen hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bilmiyorum\u00a0\u00bb diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cNo European spectacle can indeed be adequately compared with it, for we are unable to point to any open space in a Western city which is commanded on three of its four sides by Gothic cathedrals of the finest order'\u00a0\u00bb yani ‘Ger\u00e7ekten de hi\u00e7bir Avrupa manzaras\u0131 onunla yeterince kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir Bat\u0131 kentinde d\u00f6rt taraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcne en iyi dereceden Gotik katedrallerin hakim oldu\u011fu herhangi bir a\u00e7\u0131k alan g\u00f6steremeyiz'\u00a0\u00bb (Blunt, 1973).<\/p>\n

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Evet, metin do\u011fru ve ak\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor, ancak birka\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fczeltme ve iyile\u015ftirme \u00f6nerim var:<\/p>\n

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Emir Timur’un torunu, astronom ve matematik\u00e7i, askeri veya dini liderden \u00e7ok bilgin olan Ulu\u011f Bey, Semerkant mimarisine ana katk\u0131s\u0131 olarak bir e\u011fitim kurumu b\u0131rakt\u0131. Ulu\u011f Bey, Semerkant’\u0131 g\u00f6rkemli an\u0131tlar, medreseler ve parklarla s\u00fcslemi\u015ftir. Medresenin dekorasyonu, Semerkant’\u0131n her yerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, a\u00e7\u0131k ve koyu mavi \u00e7inilerle maviyi vurgular. Ger\u00e7ekten de mavi, Semerkant’ta her yerde bulunur. Giri\u015fin \u00fczerindeki y\u0131ld\u0131z \u015feklindeki fayans mozaik astronomiye \u00f6vg\u00fc niteli\u011findedir (Dickens, 1999). Timurlular\u0131n bah\u00e7eleri b\u00fcy\u00fcleyiciydi (Golembek, 2008).<\/p>\n

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Kim (2018), \u00ab\u00a0Timurlu \u00fcslubunun alametifarikalar\u0131 an\u0131tsal \u00f6l\u00e7ek, \u00e7oklu minareler, polikromik \u00e7ini i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck so\u011fanl\u0131 \u00e7ift kubbelerdi. Bununla birlikte, en \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131 Semerkant ve \u015eehri Sabz’da (tarihsel olarak Ke\u015f veya Ki\u015f olarak bilinir) y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli in\u015faatt\u0131. Timurlular\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel gelenekleri, haleflerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra k\u0131smen Osmanl\u0131, Safevi ve Bab\u00fcr imparatorluklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da devam ettirilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

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Sanat hamisi H\u00fcseyin Boygaro taraf\u0131ndan bir dizi e\u011fitim merkezinin in\u015fa edilmesi Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131’n\u0131n \u00f6nemli noktalar\u0131ndan biridir. Sultan H\u00fcseyin Boygaro’nun kurdu\u011fu bu b\u00fcy\u00fck mek\u00e2nda, sultan\u0131n ve vezirinin deste\u011fiyle gen\u00e7 bilim insanlar\u0131 e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7e\u015fitli zanaatlarla u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve hat sanat\u0131 icra etmi\u015flerdir (Salimovna, 2023). Bu yazara g\u00f6re, Yazl\u0131k Saray, Bibi Hanim Camii ve \u015eehrisabz’daki Ahmed Yesevi T\u00fcrbesi, Emir Timur’un hayat\u0131n\u0131n ana in\u015faat i\u015fleri olarak say\u0131labilir, \u00ab\u00a0Amir Temur hayotligidagi asosiy qurilish ishlari sifatida Shahrisabzdagi Yozgi saroy, BibiXonim masjidi va Ahmad Yassaviy maqbarasini ko\u02bbrsatish mumkin\u00a0\u00bb diye yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n

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K\u0131sacas\u0131, Timurlu r\u00f6nesans\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunan ve bahsedilmesi gereken her \u015feyden \u00f6nce k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerin in\u015fas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130smailovi\u00e7 (2023), k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerin Timurlu devletinde e\u011fitimin, edebiyat\u0131n ve sanat\u0131n geli\u015fmesine, bilimin geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu yazmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fct\u00fcphaneler ve medreseler birbirleriyle yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131 ve bilginin halka aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir merkez g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Mirzo Ulu\u011f Bey, \u00e2limlerin verimli bir \u015fekilde yeti\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in Semerkant’ta \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fct\u00fcphane in\u015fa ettirmi\u015ftir. Bu k\u00fct\u00fcphane, Emir Temur d\u00f6neminde kuruldu ve Mirza \u015eahruh k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin zenginle\u015fmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Mirzo Ulugbek’in kendisi de k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini yeni kitaplarla s\u00fcrekli yenilemeye \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterdi. Bu k\u00fct\u00fcphane, Semerkant’taki Mirzo Ulu\u011f Bey Bilim Okulu’nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bir zamanlar Badi az-Zaman, Herat’taki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015eahruh k\u00fct\u00fcphanesine de\u011ferli kitaplar ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

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\u00d6zetle, Emir Temur ve Timurlu hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehr ve Horasan’\u0131n merkezi \u015fehirlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck yarat\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde ba\u015flayan yarat\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar devlet politikas\u0131 seviyesine y\u00fckseldi ve bu d\u00f6nemde yarat\u0131lan binalar\u0131n l\u00fcks ve g\u00f6rkemli mimari s\u00fcslemelerle g\u00f6rkemli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcne yans\u0131d\u0131. Timurlu devletinin g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6zellikle mimaride belirgindi ve bu d\u00f6nemin mimarisi mimarl\u0131k tarihinde bir dereceye kadar analiz edilmi\u015ftir. Aksaray’\u0131n cephesinde yazan \u00ab\u00a0G\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6rmek istiyorsan\u0131z, in\u015fa etti\u011fimiz binalara bak\u0131n\u00a0\u00bb yaz\u0131s\u0131 da Tem\u00fcr devletinin siyasi misyonunu i\u015faret ediyordu. Timur d\u00f6neminde<\/p>\n

Movarounnahr kasabalar\u0131 surlar, ana caddeler ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli an\u0131t kompleksleri ile in\u015fa edildi. Temur, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Semerkant’\u0131n dekorasyonuna \u00f6zel \u00f6nem verdi. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na, Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131ndan sonra 150 y\u0131l boyunca y\u0131k\u0131lan ve ihmal edilen \u015fehrin savunma duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 restore ederek ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Ask\u0131ya al\u0131nan su yolunun (\u00ab\u00a0Juyi Arziz\u00a0\u00bb) tamamlanmas\u0131 nedeniyle sudan mahrum kalan Semerkant mahallelerine Zaraf\u015fan Nehri’nden su ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak. Ulu\u011f Bey d\u00f6neminde yeni tip kubbeli yap\u0131lar geli\u015ftirildi. Beton bilimlerindeki ba\u015far\u0131lar mimari an\u0131tlarda (\u015eahizinda, Ahmed Yesevi, Gori Amir t\u00fcrbeleri, Bibikhanim camisi, Ulu\u011f Bey medresesi) a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Mimari formlar\u0131n cephe ve i\u00e7 mekan d\u00fczenindeki genel uyumunu belirleyen geometridir (Jaxongirovna, 2024).<\/p>\n

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Sonu\u00e7 olarak, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l mimari sanat\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015f d\u00f6nemidir ve bu da hacimsel-mek\u00e2nsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n yeni bir bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Timur zaman\u0131nda, yap\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011findeki art\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, g\u00f6rkemli formun Timur’un g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve otoritesini y\u00fcceltmenin bir arac\u0131 oldu\u011fu bireysel h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n iradesine ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131 (Rasulovna & Mirkomilovich, 2023).<\/p>\n

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3.2. Bilimsel R\u00f6nesans<\/p>\n

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Emir Timur ve Timurlular d\u00f6neminde, e\u011fitime verilen \u00f6nem ve bilimin himaye edilmesi, \u0130mparatorlukta, \u00f6zellikle de M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehr ve Horasan’da bir devlet politikas\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir (Shahloxon, 2024). Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck sembol\u00fc olan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar Ulu\u011f Bey, bilime katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f ve matematik tarihindeki yerini trigonometrik tablolar\u0131n\u0131n kalitesine bor\u00e7ludur. 1961’de Uluslararas\u0131 Astronomi Birli\u011fi, ona sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in bir ay kraterine ve bir asteroide (2439) Ulu\u011fbek ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi (Minor Planet Center, Uluslararas\u0131 Astronomi Birli\u011fi) (Space.reference).<\/p>\n

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Turan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Emir Timur’un torunu ve \u015eahruh Mirza’n\u0131n o\u011fludur. Annesi, T\u00fcrk boyuna mensup soylu bir kad\u0131n olan Gavharshad Begum’du. Dedesinin \u0130ran seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Sultaniye’de do\u011fdu. Mirza Muhammed Taragai olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ulugbek ger\u00e7ek ad\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00ab\u00a0B\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmdar (bek)\u00a0\u00bb anlam\u0131na gelen bir lakapt\u0131r. \u00c7ocukken, dedesi bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki fetihlerini geni\u015fletirken Orta Do\u011fu ve Hindistan’\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu dola\u015ft\u0131. Timur’un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra<\/p>\n

\u015eah Rukh imparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015fkentini Herat’a (modern Afganistan’da) ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Daha sonra, 1409’da on alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Ulu\u011f Bey Semerkant valisi oldu (Masharif, 2023).<\/p>\n

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Masharif (2023) \u00ab\u00a0Ulug\u02bbbek trigonometriya va sferik geometriya kabi astronomiya bilan bog\u02bbliq matematika sohasidagi ishlari, shuningdek, san\u02bcat va intellektual faoliyatga umumiy qiziqishlari bilan ajralib turardi\u00a0\u00bb diye yaz\u0131yor. Ulugbek’in trigonometri ve k\u00fcresel geometri gibi astronomiyle ilgili matematik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sanata ve entelekt\u00fcel u\u011fra\u015flara olan genel ilgisiyle de dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. \u00c7ok dilli biriydi ve be\u015f dili ak\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde konu\u015fabiliyordu: T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Arap\u00e7a, Fars\u00e7a, Mo\u011folca ve biraz da \u00c7ince. Onun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda (\u00f6nce vali, sonra do\u011frudan), ilgisi ve himayesi sayesinde Timurlular R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6neminin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zirvesine ula\u015ft\u0131. Gen\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar \u015fehri imparatorlu\u011fun entelekt\u00fcel merkezi haline getirmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. 1417-1420’de Semerkant’taki Registan Meydan\u0131’nda bir medrese (\u00ab\u00a0\u00fcniversite\u00a0\u00bb) in\u015fa etti ve bir\u00e7ok \u0130slam astronomunu ve matematik\u00e7isini burada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya davet etti (Masharif, 2023).<\/p>\n

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Ulu\u011f Bey’in medresesi, o d\u00f6nemde bilimsel bir merkez olarak hizmet veriyordu. 1424-1429 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Semerkant’ta in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi astronomi g\u00f6zlemevi, o zamanlar \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015flerinden biri olarak kabul ediliyordu. G\u00f6zlemevi, astronomik aletlerle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve Orta Asya’n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6zlemeviydi (Golombek ve di\u011ferleri, 1988).<\/p>\n

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Astronomi alan\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar\u0131yla tan\u0131nan Ulu\u011f Bey, Semerkant’ta \u00ab\u00a0Ulu\u011f Bey Astronomi \u00c7izelgesi\u00a0\u00bb ad\u0131yla bilinen hassas bir astronomi \u00e7izelgesi olu\u015fturdu. Bu \u00e7izelge, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Avrupa’da Latinceye \u00e7evrilerek kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli astronomu olarak kabul edilen Ulu\u011f Bey, Semerkant ve Buhara’da Ulu\u011f Bey medresesini in\u015fa ederek bu \u015fehirleri Orta Asya’n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve bilgi merkezlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Masharif, 2023).<\/p>\n

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\u00ab\u00a0Ulu\u011f Bey’in, bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131 ve bilim e\u011fitimini desteklemesi, onu di\u011fer T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlardan ay\u0131ran \u00f6zelliklerden biridir. Ayr\u0131ca, kendisi bir matematik-astronomi bilimcisi olarak da tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Semerkant’ta be\u015f as\u0131r boyunca g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck rasathaneyi kuran ve en ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 Z\u00eec’i (y\u0131ld\u0131z katalo\u011fu) haz\u0131rlayan bilinen tek bilim adam\u0131-h\u00fck\u00fcmdard\u0131r\u201d (\u00d6zcan, 2022).<\/p>\n

\u0130smailovi\u00e7 (2023) \u00ab\u00a0Emir Timur ve torunlar\u0131n\u0131n saraylar\u0131nda antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ve Orta \u00c7a\u011f’\u0131n e\u015fsiz eserlerinin korundu\u011fu zengin k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler vard\u0131. Medrese ve hanakh \u00f6\u011frencileri<\/p>\n

\u00e7e\u015fitli bilim dallar\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok kitab\u0131 incelediler. Semerkant’ta Emir Temur ve Mirza Ulu\u011fbek’in, Herat’ta Mirza Boysunkur, Sultan H\u00fcseyin Boygaro ve Ali\u015fir Nevai’nin zengin k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri vard\u0131\u00a0\u00bb diye yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

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1437 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Ulu\u011f Bey’in \u00ab\u00a0Zizhi Sultani\u00a0\u00bb adl\u0131 eseri, hala d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131ld\u0131z bilimi eserlerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. Bu eserde, 1018 y\u0131ld\u0131zdan olu\u015fan bir tak\u0131my\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Eser, daha sonra Thomas Hyde (1665), France Bailly (1843) ve Edward Ball Knobel (1917) taraf\u0131ndan Oxford’da yeniden bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, Ulu\u011f Bey bir y\u0131l\u0131 365 g\u00fcn, 5 saat, 49 dakika ve 15 saniye olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu hesaplamada sadece 25 saniye yan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6neminde, Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7adan eski \u00d6zbek\u00e7eye bir\u00e7ok eser \u00e7evrilmi\u015f ve 15.000’den fazla kitap i\u00e7eren zengin bir k\u00fct\u00fcphane olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur (Masharif, 2023).<\/p>\n

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Narzullayeva (2023), Ulu\u011f Bey’in miras\u0131nda bir dizi co\u011frafi bilgi bulundu\u011funu belirtmektedir. \u00ab\u00a0Zizhi Jadidi Koragony\u00a0\u00bb adl\u0131 eserde, d\u00fcnyadaki 683 yerle\u015fim yerinin co\u011frafi koordinatlar\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Ulu\u011fbek, g\u00f6zlemevinin 39037’28\u00a0\u00bb co\u011frafi enleminde bulundu\u011funu belirtmi\u015f, ancak mevcut \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler, g\u00f6zlemevinin topraklar\u0131n\u0131n 39049’37″ye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Co\u011frafya bilimi, Ulugbek taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan haritalar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Bilimin geli\u015fimi, el yazmas\u0131 \u00fcretiminin h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Herat kopya at\u00f6lyesi ve Semerkant gibi di\u011fer \u015fehirlerde bir\u00e7ok hattat, minyat\u00fcrc\u00fc ve cilt\u00e7i, kopyalar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in bir araya gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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3.3. Sanatsal ve edebi R\u00f6nesans<\/p>\n

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R\u00f6nesans sanat a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ali\u015fir Nevai’ye (Timurlu \u015eair) g\u00f6re, Timurlular d\u00f6neminde edebiyat\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle de T\u00fcrk dilinin geli\u015fimine ciddi \u00f6nem verilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, bu d\u00f6nemde g\u00fczel sanatlarda – minyat\u00fcr sanat\u0131 ve an\u0131tsal resim – bir art\u0131\u015f olmu\u015ftur (Sugdiyona, 2024). Bu d\u00f6nemde \u015fark\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n, m\u00fczisyenlerin ve dans\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n performans becerileri\u00a0 b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda tan\u0131nan sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, mimarlar\u0131, filozoflar\u0131 ve \u015fairleri \u00e7ekti. Semerkant valili\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011fullar\u0131 Ulu\u011f Bey se\u00e7kin bir astronomdu.<\/p>\n

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Rahmatov ve di\u011ferleri (2023), Halil Sultan d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan minyat\u00fcrlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n grafiksel ve sanatsal olarak benzersiz bir \u00ab\u00a0m\u00fcrekkepli kalem\u00a0\u00bb tarz\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etmi\u015ftir. Timur’un ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca, saray\u0131n\u0131n duvarlar\u0131nda krallar ve prensler tasvir edilmi\u015flerdir ve Kamoliddin Behzod ger\u00e7ek portre t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genel olarak, Timur ve Timurlular\u0131n resimlerini tasvir eden bir\u00e7ok minyat\u00fcr d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde saklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Minyat\u00fcr resimlerin Timurlu sanat\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yeri vard\u0131r. Timurlu d\u00f6neminin bir\u00e7ok sanat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k duvar resimleri yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in resim k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Timurlu sanat\u0131 Anadolu’ya bile yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bernus-Taylor (1997) \u00ab\u00a0Timurlu sanat\u0131n\u0131n bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olan Bursa’daki \u00ab\u00a0Ye\u015fil K\u00fclliye \u00ab\u00a0nin dekorasyonu\u00a0\u00bb ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir yaz\u0131 kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Kim (2018) belirti ki \u00ab\u00a0\u0130nsan bedenini evren hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6ylemek istedi\u011fi her \u015fey i\u00e7in bir metafor ve ara\u00e7 olarak kullanan \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans sanat\u0131n\u0131n aksine, minyat\u00fcr resmi birincil metafor ve ara\u00e7 olarak insan duygular\u0131n\u0131n tasvirine odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Renkler ve jestler, tasvir edilen ili\u015fkiler ve durumlar, mimari ve do\u011fa\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda, Zahiriddin Azhor, Bobonaqqosh gibi bir\u00e7ok tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f sanat\u00e7\u0131 eserlerini yaratt\u0131. Bir dizi minyat\u00fcr eser yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Semerkant, Khirot ve Buhara’da bize kadar gelen g\u00fczel sanat an\u0131tlar\u0131, bu sanat\u0131n benzersiz tarzlar\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131n ger\u00e7ek tasviri do\u011frultusunda olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir (Sugdiyona, 2024).<\/p>\n

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3.3.2. Edebi R\u00f6nesans<\/p>\n

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Timurlu edebi R\u00f6nesans\u0131, \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin ve bu dilde yaz\u0131lan eserlerin geli\u015fmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ali \u015eir Nevai (1441-1501) gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck yazarlar, arkalar\u0131nda \u00ab\u00a0Hamse\u00a0\u00bb gibi m\u00fckemmel T\u00fcrk\u00e7e eserler b\u0131rakarak Timurlu edebi R\u00f6nesans\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Timurlu edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n bu \u015fairi tarihe damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015f ve edebiyat\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip oldu\u011funu ve geli\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur. Ali\u015fir Nevai’ye g\u00f6re<\/p>\n

s\u00f6z, t\u0131pk\u0131 koruyucusu gibi d\u00fcnyadaki en de\u011ferli \u015feylerden biridir (Zokirov ve Ibragimova, 2021).<\/p>\n

Edebiyat \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ve tarihe kaz\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istedik. Kitaplar\u0131 sonraki nesillere b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in yetenekli hattatlar topland\u0131. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun kraliyet k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri, \u00f6zel k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler, medreseler ve \u00f6zel k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri vard\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde Semerkant, Buhara, Herat ve Belh de dahil olmak \u00fczere Maver\u00fcnnehr ve Horasan’\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc medreselerinde, nadir el yazmalar\u0131n\u0131n sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sorumlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar taraf\u0131ndan korundu\u011fu k\u00fct\u00fcphane i\u00e7in \u00f6zel odalar ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu nadir el yazmalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda yaz\u0131lan ve bilim ve medeniyet tarihinde \u00f6zel bir yere sahip olan klasik eserler bize ula\u015ft\u0131; \u0130smailovich’e g\u00f6re (2023) \u015fu anda \u00d6zbekistan’da ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde tutuluyorlar. K\u00fct\u00fcphaneler bilim insanlar\u0131, t\u00fcm medrese hocalar\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011frencileri taraf\u0131ndan serbest\u00e7e kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Ali\u015fer Nevai’nin k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi \u00f6nce Mirhond, ard\u0131ndan torunu Hondamir taraf\u0131ndan yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130smailovi\u00e7 (2023), k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerin Timur \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda geli\u015fen bilim, e\u011fitim, edebiyat ve sanat\u0131n geli\u015fimine aktif olarak katk\u0131da bulundu\u011funu belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n

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\u00ab\u00a0Risola\u00a0\u00bb adl\u0131 eserde, bu d\u00f6nemde Herat ve \u00e7evresinden yakla\u015f\u0131k bin \u015fair sanatsal yarat\u0131mla – \u015fiirle u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Salimovna, 2023).<\/p>\n

Bu dildeki edebiyat o kadar geli\u015fti ki \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a ile birlikte \u00fc\u00e7 edebi dilden biri olarak kabul edildi ve yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Hatta T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131 ilk kez bu kadar geli\u015fmi\u015fti. Nevai, Timurlu d\u00f6neminin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fairiydi ve \u00c7a\u011fatay edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyd\u00fc. Dahas\u0131, Bat\u0131’da var olan edebiyat salonlar\u0131 gibi, \u015fairlerin, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ve akademisyenlerin evinde topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hatta edebi ele\u015ftiriler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir salon yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu durum, Emir Timur’un soyundan gelen ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Mo\u011follar\u0131n ilki olan Bab\u00fcr’\u00fcn, Baburnama adl\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 tamamen \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ile yazmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Subtelny, 1994). Nitekim, Emir Timur’un torunlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Bab\u00fcr \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Timurlu edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7a\u011fatay dilinde canland\u0131rmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Timur \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra 1492’de Kuzey Hindistan’\u0131 ve Yeni Delhi’yi fethetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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\u00d6zetle, m\u00fczik sanat\u0131n\u0131n, bestecili\u011fin, icrac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, bilimin ve \u00f6zel e\u011fitimin t\u00fcm y\u00f6nlerinin Timurlular d\u00f6neminde en y\u00fcksek geli\u015fim a\u015famalar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmelidir.<\/p>\n

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4. Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131’nda kad\u0131n\u0131n yeri<\/p>\n

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Timurlular d\u00f6neminde kad\u0131nlar siyasi ve ekonomik hayatta \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Mukminova, 1997) Mukminova, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Emir Timur’un ve Timurlular\u0131n saray\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip oldu\u011funu yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbelilerin, el\u00e7ilerin, … kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fenliklerde yer ald\u0131lar, t\u00fcrbelerin, medreselerin in\u015fas\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131lar, kad\u0131nlar y\u00f6netici oldular vb. (Fajziev, 1994).<\/p>\n

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Arbabzadah (2017), \u00ab\u00a0Y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131ftan Timurlu kad\u0131nlar kendi \u00f6zel fonlar\u0131yla dini faaliyetleri himaye etmi\u015f, binalar in\u015fa etmi\u015f ve mimariyi geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi, Timurlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u015eahruh’un (h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1405-1447) kar\u0131s\u0131 ve e\u015fi olan Krali\u00e7e Gawhar Shad’d\u0131. 1447’de kocas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine gen\u00e7 torununun ta\u00e7 giyme t\u00f6renini d\u00fczenledikten sonra Timurlu imparatorlu\u011funun fiili h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olarak on y\u0131l ge\u00e7irdi. Gawhar Shad, iki cami in\u015fa ettirerek kad\u0131nlar\u0131n camilere gitmesini engelleyen uzun s\u00fcreli gelene\u011fi y\u0131kmaya cesaret etmekle kalmad\u0131; ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u00f6z konusu camilerin sadece s\u0131radan ibadet yerleri de\u011fil, siyasi ve dini g\u00fcc\u00fcn kesi\u015fti\u011fi etkili kurumlar olarak hizmet veren prestijli Cuma camileri haline gelmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Yazar, \u00ab\u00a0Gawhar Shad’\u0131n daha \u00f6nceki bir T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol kad\u0131n aristokrattan, Timur’un Samarqand’da bir cami in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi bilinen ablas\u0131 Kutlu\u011f T\u00fcrkan Aqa’dan (\u00f6. 1383) ilham ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla varsay\u0131labilir\u00a0\u00bb diye yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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On be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u015eahruh’un e\u015fi ve on y\u0131l boyunca fiili h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olan Gevher \u015ead, sadece erkek h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n, yani sultanlar\u0131n cami gibi prestijli kurumlar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na sponsor olma me\u015fruiyetine sahip oldu\u011fu eski bir gelene\u011fi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmesiyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gawhar Shad adl\u0131 bu kad\u0131n, biri Herat’ta di\u011feri Me\u015fhed’de (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ran’da) olmak \u00fczere Timurlular\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerinde iki caminin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 finanse etmi\u015ftir. Bu ger\u00e7ek, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n dini k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u015fekillendirmedeki rol\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemini vurgulamaktad\u0131r (Arbabzadah, 2017).<\/p>\n

Arbabzadah (2017) \u00ab\u00a0D\u00f6nemin tarihi kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan Timurlu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle y\u00fcksek bir stat\u00fcye sahip olduklar\u0131 ve bu stat\u00fc sayesinde dini okullar, hankahlar ve t\u00fcrbeler in\u015fa ettirebildikleri anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r\u00a0\u00bb diye yazmaktad\u0131r. Yazar, bu y\u00fcksek stat\u00fcn\u00fcn daha e\u015fitlik\u00e7i olan yerle\u015fik T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol toplumlar\u0131ndan miras kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da eklemektedir. \u00ab\u00a0Geleneksel olarak kad\u0131nlar T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol toplumlar\u0131nda kilit bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0\u00bb diye yazmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131sacas\u0131, Timurlu hanedan\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc Emir Timur’un Cengiz Han’\u0131n soyundan gelen biriyle evlenmesinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Bu noktay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in Arbabzadah (2017) \u015f\u00f6yle demektedir: \u00ab\u00a0Timur’un ancak Cengizli prensesi Saray M\u00fclk Han\u0131m ile evlendikten sonra y\u00f6netme me\u015fruiyetine sahip oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlamal\u0131y\u0131z. Evlili\u011finden \u00f6nce, bozk\u0131r\u0131n siyasi sisteminin kurallar\u0131 Timur’u d\u0131\u015fl\u0131yordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Cengiz Han (yakla\u015f\u0131k 1162-1227) ile akraba de\u011fildi. Bu akrabal\u0131k yoklu\u011fu, onun y\u00f6netme me\u015fruiyetinden yoksun oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Bu nedenle Timur, ancak Kazgan Han’\u0131n (h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi 1343-46) k\u0131z\u0131 Saray M\u00fclk Han\u0131m’la evlendikten sonra y\u00f6netme me\u015fruiyetine sahip oldu. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, Timur’a gurigan (damat) unvan\u0131 verildikten sonra y\u00f6netme me\u015fruiyeti devredilmi\u015ftir\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

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Bu d\u00f6neme ait tarihi kaynaklar Timur’un ailesindeki kad\u0131nlarla olan yak\u0131n ve \u00f6zel ili\u015fkisine tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Mirkhwand’\u0131n Rawzat al-Safa’s\u0131ndan al\u0131nan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki pasaj, ablas\u0131 Kutlu\u011f T\u00fcrkhan Aka’n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Timud \u00fczerindeki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc duygusal etkisini g\u00f6stermektedir. Erkek h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ile ailesindeki kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6ylesine derin bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n tipik bir \u00f6zelli\u011fiydi. Kad\u0131n akrabalara b\u00f6ylesine g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha sonraki bir \u00f6rne\u011fini, Bab\u00fcr \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun kurucusu olarak 1526-1530 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Kuzey Hindistan’\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olan Timur’un soyundan gelen Bab\u00fcr’de buluyoruz (Arbabzadah, 2017).<\/p>\n

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Shakirova & Tojiboyev (2023), 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Timurlu saray\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir kad\u0131n fig\u00fcr\u00fcn, Timurlu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Herat’tan y\u00f6neten \u015eahruh’un e\u015fi oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fine de odaklanmaktad\u0131r. \u015eah Rukh’un e\u015fiydi. Gavharshadbegim’in Herat’\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdiler. Ayr\u0131ca, Timurlu hanedan\u0131 ticaret ve hara\u00e7 yoluyla zenginle\u015ftik\u00e7e, Gavharshadbegim’in kraliyet hazinesinden Herat’taki b\u00fcy\u00fck in\u015faat i\u015flerine sponsor oldu\u011funu da ekliyorlar. En \u00fcnl\u00fc eserlerinden biri 1417-1438 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda in\u015fa edilen Musallah kompleksiydi. Bu yap\u0131, Timurlu tarz\u0131 mozaiklerle s\u00fcsl\u00fc bir halk camisi ve bir ilahiyat medresesini i\u00e7eriyordu. Gavharshad 100’den fazla bina in\u015fa etti ve Timurlu esteti\u011fini \u015fekillendiren yeni bir kraliyet kad\u0131n himayesi d\u00f6nemini m\u00fcjdeledi. Gavharshadbegim ayr\u0131ca astronomi, felsefe, matematik ve tasavvuf bilimcilerini kendisine adanm\u0131\u015f eserleri i\u00e7in \u00f6d\u00fcllendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Ayr\u0131ca Gavharshodbegim e\u011fitim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde desteklemi\u015ftir. En b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, 1417 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en iyileri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lan Gavharshad Camii ve Seminer Medresesi’nin kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Medrese, \u00fcnl\u00fc bilim adamlar\u0131ndan din, felsefe ve mant\u0131k<\/p>\n

\u00fczerine dersler i\u00e7ermektedir. Gavharshadbegim ayr\u0131ca Arap ve Fars edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fi ilkokullara da devam etmi\u015ftir. Medreselerinde k\u0131zlar i\u00e7in yer ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yetimhanelere bizzat sponsor olmu\u015ftur (Shakirova & Tojiboyev, 2023).<\/p>\n

Nadir kitaplar\u0131n ve el yazmalar\u0131n\u0131n toplanmas\u0131 konusundaki \u00e7abalar\u0131 kraliyet k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir. Timurlular\u0131n y\u00f6netimini y\u00fccelten \u015eerafeddin Ali Yezdi ve Nizamiddin Cami taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan Timur’un seferleri hakk\u0131ndaki tarihi kroniklere sponsor oldu (Shakirova & Tojiboyev, 2023).<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yerinin \u00f6nemi her yere yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Semerkant’taki Mescid-i Bibi’ye Timur’un e\u015fi Saray M\u00fclk’\u00fcn ad\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fini, Timur ve torunlar\u0131n\u0131n da e\u015flerinin onuruna bah\u00e7eler, yabanc\u0131 ziyaret\u00e7ileri a\u011f\u0131rlamak ve e\u011flendirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan yerler in\u015fa ettiklerini hat\u0131rlamal\u0131y\u0131z. \u015eiir, tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 ve \u015fairlerin ve azizlerin biyografileri gibi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f edebi kaynaklar da Timurlu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu y\u00fcksek stat\u00fcye tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmektedir (Arbabzadah, 2017). T\u00fcm bunlar, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Timurlu toplumunda ne kadar \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Timurlu kad\u0131nlar, ister Gevher \u015ead gibi siyasi temsilciler ister Bab\u00fcr \u0130mparatori\u00e7esi Rukiyye Bigum (1542-1626) gibi m\u00fczik ve \u015fiirin hevesli hamileri olarak Timurlu toplumunun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve siyasi ya\u015fam\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve aktif akt\u00f6rlerdi.<\/p>\n

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SONU\u00c7LAR VE TARTI\u015eMALAR<\/p>\n

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Emir Temur taraf\u0131ndan kurulan b\u00fcy\u00fck krall\u0131k, sadece kendi \u00fclkesinde de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda kom\u015fu \u00fclkeleri ve krallar\u0131n\u0131, hatta uzak \u00fclkelerin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131 bile \u00e7ekti\u011fi i\u00e7in insanlar\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekti. Tarihi belgelere g\u00f6re, 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 70’lerinden itibaren Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin temsilcileri, Movarounnahr’a geldiler ve yeni ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletin g\u00fcc\u00fc ve potansiyeline ciddi \u015fekilde ilgi g\u00f6sterdiler. Onlar, Amir Timur\u2019un devletiyle siyasi ve ekonomik ili\u015fkiler kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, onun saray\u0131na el\u00e7iler g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130spanya, Fransa, \u0130ngiltere, \u00c7in ve ba\u015fkent Samarkand’da 20’den fazla yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkeden el\u00e7ileri kabul etti\u011fi detaylar\u0131yla anlatan bir\u00e7ok tarihi ve bilimsel eser taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a do\u011frulanmaktad\u0131r. Timur’un ki\u015fili\u011fi Avrupa’da b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgiyle incelenmektedir. Bu y\u00fczden, Temur’un biyografisi, tarihi ve siyaseti \u00fczerine bir\u00e7ok eser olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Profes\u00f6r L. Keren, Temur ve Avrupa ile ili\u015fkileri \u00fczerine bir\u00e7ok kitap ve makalenin yazar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, en \u00f6nemli kitaplar\u0131ndan biri olan \u00ab\u00a0Timur ya da Sahibkiran Sultanate\u00a0\u00bb ilk kez 1978’de yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Salimovna, 2023).<\/p>\n

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K\u0131sacas\u0131, R\u00f6nesans’tan kaynaklanan Timurlu sanat\u0131 ve mimarisi, Anadolu’dan Hindistan’a kadar uzanan b\u00f6lgeleri ilham verdi. Osmanl\u0131 Sultanlar\u0131ndan Hindistan’\u0131n Bab\u00fcr imparatorlar\u0131na kadar, Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131 Asya’n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda bilimi ve sanat\u0131 canland\u0131rd\u0131. Politik a\u00e7\u0131dan Timur’un geni\u015f imparatorlu\u011fu nispeten k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olabilir, ancak soyundan gelenler \u0130slam sanat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck koruyucular\u0131 olarak Transoxiana \u00fczerinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmeye devam ettiler. B\u00f6ylece, bu imparatorluk bilim ve sanat arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ya\u015famaya devam etti. \u00dcstelik, muhte\u015fem k\u00fclt\u00fcrel faaliyetleri \u00d6zbekistan’\u0131n Semerkand ve Afganistan’\u0131n Herat \u015fehirlerinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olsa da Anadolu’dan Hindistan’a kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. Salimovna (2023), \u0130slam Barut \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6neminde di\u011fer devletler \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir etkisi oldu\u011funu yazmaktad\u0131r (Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye ve Safevi \u0130ran). \u00ab\u00a0Temuriylar Islomiy porox imperiyalari davridagi boshqa davlatlarga (Usmonlilar Turkiyasi va Safaviylar Eroni) sezilarli ta\u02bcsir ko\u02bbrsatgan\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

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Timurlular\u0131n mimarl\u0131kta b\u00fcy\u00fck ustalar olduklar\u0131na dair tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de, Timurlular ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131mc\u0131lard\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, \u00d6zbekistan, camiler, medreseler ve khanqah gibi dini kurumlar ve vak\u0131flar gibi binalar\u0131n g\u00f6rkemi, Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in turistleri cezbeden bir merkez haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Timurlu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hareketinin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00c7a\u011fatay’\u0131n geli\u015fimine o kadar katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r ki, baz\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 sultanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bile \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015ftir. 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llar, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda siyasi merkezler aras\u0131nda sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, el yazmalar\u0131 ve fikirlerin dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile i\u015faretlenmi\u015ftir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131, bilgi ve sanat\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra fikir al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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SONU\u00c7<\/p>\n

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Timurlular veya Timurlu hanedan\u0131, 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Orta Asya’da Timur (Emir Temur) taraf\u0131ndan kurulan T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol hanedan\u0131yd\u0131. Timur, baz\u0131 ba\u015fkentlerinde sanat ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc destekleyen bir askeri fatih idi. Timurlular Orta Asya’n\u0131n T\u00fcrkistan b\u00f6lgesinde bilimi, sanat\u0131 ve mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 canland\u0131rd\u0131lar. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinden sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, mimarlar, bilim adamlar\u0131 ve \u015fairleri bir araya getirerek Samarkand ve Herat, Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli sanat ve bilim merkezleri haline geldi. Timurlu hanedan\u0131n\u0131n bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olan Ulug Beg, astronomi ve bilimlere olan ilgisiyle dikkat \u00e7ekti. Samarkand’da \u00fcnl\u00fc bir g\u00f6zlemevi in\u015fa etti ve burada \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu g\u00f6zlemevi, o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in geli\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma merkezi<\/p>\n

olarak hizmet verdi. Sanat ve mimari a\u00e7\u0131dan Samarkand ve Afganistan’daki Herat, Timurlular d\u00f6neminde k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fim ya\u015fad\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Samarkand’daki Ulugh Beg medresesi ve Herat’taki Goharshad Camii gibi dikkate de\u011fer an\u0131tlarla.<\/p>\n

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\u00d6zetle, b\u00fcy\u00fck Emir Timur’un soyundan gelenler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131, Asya’n\u0131n k\u00fcl\u00fcnden y\u00fckselmesine izin verdi. Bat\u0131 R\u00f6nesans\u0131 gibi, Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131 da bilim, sanat, mimarl\u0131k vb. arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla geli\u015fti. Timurlu \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6neminde Polimatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u015f\u00fcphesizdir. Sonunda, bu d\u00f6nem tarih \u00fczerinde iz b\u0131rakt\u0131 ve Samarkand’taki bu Timurlu an\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f veya g\u00f6recek olan herkes, y\u0131llarca \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fckten sonra bile sahip olduklar\u0131 ihti\u015fama kolayca \u015fahitlik edebilir ve tarihin hayranlar\u0131ndan bir\u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6vg\u00fc doludur eski g\u00fcnlerin ihti\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 hayal edebilir.<\/p>\n

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REFERENCES:<\/p>\n

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– Aka, \u0130. (1984). Timur\u2019un \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden Sonra Do\u011fu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak-\u0131 Acem\u2019de Hakimiyet M\u00fccadeleleri. T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, 21, 1-2.<\/p>\n

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– Arbabzadah, N. (2017). Women and religious patronage in the Timurid Empire. Afghanistan\u2019s Islam, 56-70.<\/p>\n

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– Beaupertuis-Bressand, F. (1995). Le Prince Savant annexe les \u00e9toiles. Samarcande 1400-1500, La cit\u00e9-oasis de Tamerlan: coeur d\u2019un Empire et d\u2019une Renaissance.<\/p>\n

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– Bernardini, M. (Ed.). (1996). La civilta timuride come fenomeno internazionale. Inst. per l’Oriente CA Nallino.<\/p>\n

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– Bernus-Taylor, M. (1997). Le d\u00e9cor du \u00abComplexe Vert\u00bb \u00e0 Bursa, reflet de l\u2019art timouride. Cahiers d\u2019Asie centrale, (3\/4), 251-266.<\/p>\n

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– Blunt, W. (1973). The golden road to Samarkand. (No Title).<\/p>\n

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– Caiozzo, A. (2012). Propagande dynastique et c\u00e9l\u00e9brations princi\u00e8res, mythes et images \u00e0 la cour timouride. Bulletin d? \u00e9tudes orientales, 60, 177-201.<\/p>\n

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– CHUVIN, P. (2010). La Renaissance timouride \u00e0 Samarcande. Les Dossiers d’arch\u00e9ologie (Dijon), (341), 74-76.<\/p>\n

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– Darling, L. T. (2002). The Renaissance and the Middle East. A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance, 55-69.<\/p>\n

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– Delen, M. (2017). Emir Timur ve y\u00f6netim ilkeleri. In Journal of Social Policy Conferences (No. 73, pp. 144-161). Istanbul University.<\/p>\n

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– DICKENS M. (1999) \u201cTimurid Architecture inSemerkand\u201d,Oxus Central Asia,<\/p>\n

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– Fragner, B. (1999). Die \u201cPersophonie\u201d: Regionalit\u00e4t. Identit\u00e4t und Sprachkontakt in der Geschichte Asiens.<\/p>\n

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– Fayziyev T., Temuriylar shajarasi, T., 1995.<\/p>\n

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– Fajziev, 1994. Temurij malikalar, Tachkent.<\/p>\n

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– Fourniau, V. (2006). Qu\u2019est-ce que l\u2019Asie centrale?. Outre-Terre, (3), 15-29.<\/p>\n

– Fourniau, V., & Fournieau, V. (1996). Quelques Aspects du Theme Timouride Dans la Culture Francaise du xvie au xixe Siecle. Oriente moderno, 15(2), 283-304.<\/p>\n

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– Goldenchtein, Y. (1995). Samarcande, Boukhara, Chakhrisiabz, Khiva (Vol. 14). www. acr-edition. com.<\/p>\n

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– Golombek, L., Wilber, D. N., & Allen, T. (1988). The Timurid Architecture of Iran and Turan. (No Title).<\/p>\n

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– Golombek, L. (2008). From Timur to Tivoli: Reflections on il giardino all\u2019italiana. In Muqarnas, Volume 25 (pp. 243-254). Brill.<\/p>\n

– Ismailovich, I. U. B. (2023). SOURCE STUDIES OF LIBRARIES IN CENTRAL ASIA DURING THE\u00a0\u00bb SECOND MUSLIM RENAISSANCE\u00a0\u00bb. World Bulletin of Management and Law, 28, 33-36.<\/p>\n

– Jaxongirovna, U. G. (2024). TEMURIYLAR DAVRIDAGI ME\u2019MORIY YODGORLIKLAR TAVSIFI. PEDAGOGICAL REFORMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS, 2(1), 46-48.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

– Moranvill\u00e9, H. (1894). M\u00e9moire sur Tamerlan et sa Cour par un Dominicain, en 1403. Biblioth\u00e8que de l\u2019\u00c9cole des Chartes, 433-464.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

– Mukminova, R. (1997). Le r\u00f4le de la femme dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019Asie centrale sous les Timourides et les Sheybanides. Cahiers d\u2019Asie centrale, (3\/4), 203-212.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

– Omonullo, B. (2023). EDGES OF TIMURID RENAISSANCE: SULTAN IBRAHIM. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals, 3(05), 46-50.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

– \u00d6zcan, E. S. 2022. Ulugh Begh\u2019s Mathematics-Astronomy Climate in Samarkand.<\/p>\n

– Rahmatov, M., Yusupjonova, M., & Maxamadov, A. (2023). TEMURIYLAR DAVRIDA MADANIYAT VA SAN\u2019AT. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435: \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, 2(13), 28-30.<\/p>\n

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– Rasulovna, X. S., & Mirkomilovich, M. B. (2023). AMIR TEMUR VA TEMURIYLAR DAVRI ME\u2019MORCHILIGINING RIVOJLANISH TARIXIDAN. SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO THE MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM, 1(12), 48-53.<\/p>\n

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– Robert Mantran, article \u00ab Tamerlan, Timour ou Timur Leng (1336-1405) \u00bb, Encyclop\u00e9die Universalis.<\/p>\n

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– Ruggiero, G. 2007 \u201cA Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance\u201d Print ISBN:9781405157834 |OnlineISBN:9780470751626Timurids\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

–<\/p>\n

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Rustamova, M. T. (2023). MARKAZIY OSIYODA<\/p>\n

MINIATYURA SAN’ATI MAKTABLARINING<\/p>\n

SHAKLLANISHIDA KAMOLIDDIN BEHZODNING ORNI.<\/p>\n

Journal of new century innovations, 27(5), 81-87.<\/p>\n

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–<\/p>\n

– Salimovna, S. M. (2023). RENAISSANCE OF TIMURID PERIOD AND ITS PLACE IN WORLD CIVILIZATION. Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 11(9), 89-92.<\/p>\n

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– Scharlipp, W. (1989). Le Livre de Babur. Baburnama. M\u00e9moires du premier Grand Mogol des Indes (1494-1529).<\/p>\n

– Shahloxon, I. (2024). AMIR TEMUR VA TEMURIYLAR DAVRIDA TA\u2019LIM-TARBIYA. UNIVERSAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE, 2(9), 66-72.<\/p>\n

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– Shakirova, S., & Tojiboyev, M. (2023). GAVHARSHODBEGIMNING IJTIMOIY HAYOTDAGI O \u2018RNI. \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, 3(9), 23-26.<\/p>\n

– Sh, N Narzullayeva L. (2023). DUNYONI HAYRATGA SOLGAN O\u02bbZBEK ASTRONOMI. FINLAND\u00a0\u00bb MODERN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: TOPICAL ISSUES, ACHIEVEMENTS AND INNOVATIONS\u00a0\u00bb, 14(1).<\/p>\n

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– Subtelny, M. E. (2018). The symbiosis of Turk and Tajik. In Central Asia in historical perspective (pp. 45-61). Routledge.<\/p>\n

–<\/p>\n

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Sugdiyona, V. (2024). AMIR TEMUR DAVRIDA MADANIYAT<\/p>\n

VA SAN\u2019AT. O’ZBEKISTONDA FANLARARO<\/p>\n

INNOVATSIYALAR VA ILMIY TADQIQOTLAR JURNALI, 3(29),<\/p>\n

77-79.<\/p>\n

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– Szuppe, M. (2004). Circulation des lettr\u00e9s et cercles litt\u00e9raires: Entre Asie centrale, Iran et Inde du Nord (XV e-XVIII e si\u00e8cle). In Annales. Histoire, sciences sociales (Vol. 59, No. 5-6, pp. 997-1018). Cairn\/Isako.<\/p>\n

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– Silvestre de Sacy, A. I. (1822). M\u00e9moire sur une correspondance in\u00e9dite de Tamerlan avec Charles VI. M\u00e9moires de l’Institut de France, 6(1), 470-522.<\/p>\n

– Yodgorov, N., & Nurullayeva, M. (2023). TEMURIYLAR DAVRIDA SHARQ MINIATYURASINING RIVOJLANISHI. \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435, 2(5), 69-73.<\/p>\n

– Zokirov, M. T., & Ibragimova, M. S. N. (2021). Alisher Navoi about style problems. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science,(12), 601-604. ALISHER-NAVOI-ABOUT-STYLE-PROBLEMS.pdf (researchgate.net)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yazar Hakk\u0131nda Bilgi:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Orta Asya tarihi ve co\u011frafyas\u0131na odaklanm\u0131\u015f bir tarih\u00e7i ve \u00e7evre uzman\u0131.<\/p>\n

Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles’den mezun oldu,<\/p>\n

tarih ve co\u011frafya alan\u0131nda lisans derecesi ve \u00e7evre y\u00f6netimi alan\u0131nda y\u00fcksek lisans derecesine sahip.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Timurlu R\u00d6NESANSI D\u00d6NEM\u0130, \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131 kadar prestijli bir Orta Asya R\u00f6nesans\u0131 Uzman. Derya SOYSAL G\u0130R\u0130\u015e R\u00f6nesans hayal satar. Ancak insanl\u0131k tarihine damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran bir ba\u015fka R\u00f6nesans’tan, yani Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131’ndan \u00e7ok az ki\u015fi haberdard\u0131r. Timurlu R\u00f6nesans\u0131, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Timurlular taraf\u0131ndan kurulan parlak bir sanatsal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve bilimsel d\u00f6nemdir. Bu nedenle Bat\u0131 R\u00f6nesans\u0131 ile \u00e7a\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r. R\u00f6nesans, gericili\u011fin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":25839,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,16,3,17,18,15,19,2,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25838","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-avrupa","category-belcika","category-dunya","category-ekonomi","category-kultur-sanat","category-spor","category-tanitim","category-turkiye","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nTimurlu R\u00d6NESANSI D\u00d6NEM\u0130, \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131 kadar prestijli bir Orta Asya R\u00f6nesans\u0131 - AvrupaPress<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/2024\/05\/06\/timurlu-ronesansi-donemi-italyan-ronesansi-kadar-prestijli-bir-orta-asya-ronesansi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Timurlu R\u00d6NESANSI D\u00d6NEM\u0130, \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131 kadar prestijli bir Orta Asya R\u00f6nesans\u0131 - AvrupaPress\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Timurlu R\u00d6NESANSI D\u00d6NEM\u0130, \u0130talyan R\u00f6nesans\u0131 kadar prestijli bir Orta Asya R\u00f6nesans\u0131 Uzman. 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