{"id":25394,"date":"2024-03-02T19:00:27","date_gmt":"2024-03-02T19:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/?p=25394"},"modified":"2024-03-02T19:01:02","modified_gmt":"2024-03-02T19:01:02","slug":"sovyet-totaliter-politikasinin-orta-asya-uzerindeki-feci-etkileri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/2024\/03\/02\/sovyet-totaliter-politikasinin-orta-asya-uzerindeki-feci-etkileri\/","title":{"rendered":"Sovyet totaliter politikas\u0131n\u0131n Orta Asya \u00fczerindeki feci etkileri"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Derya Soysal, Orta Asya odakl\u0131 tarih ve co\u011frafya, \u00e7evre bilimleri uzman\u0131<\/p>\n<p>Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi SSCB&rsquo;nin Orta Asya&rsquo;da sanayile\u015fmeyi ve b\u00f6lgenin ekonomik kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nsa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00e7ok yoksul k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerin<br \/>\nkalk\u0131nmas\u0131na \u00f6nem verdi\u011fi do\u011frudur. SSCB ayn\u0131 zamanda bu b\u00f6lgelerin<br \/>\nkalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6r olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitimine de olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u00d6zellikle Orta Asya&rsquo;da ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi&rsquo;nin di\u011fer t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgelerinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n<br \/>\ne\u011fitimi bu b\u00f6lgelerin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6r olmu\u015ftur (Soysal, D. 2018).<br \/>\nSovyetler Birli\u011fi&rsquo;nde iktidarlar kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitimine ve tar\u0131msal alanlar\u0131n<br \/>\nkalk\u0131nmas\u0131ndaki rollerine odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya&rsquo;s\u0131n\u0131n eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrge<br \/>\ntopraklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm Sovyet kad\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in evrensel okuryazarl\u0131\u011fa nas\u0131l ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Ancak SSCB&rsquo;nin, izleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de devam eden pek \u00e7ok olumsuz etkisi<br \/>\nolmu\u015ftur.<br \/>\n\u0130lk olarak, Stalin&rsquo;in s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 b\u00f6lmesi bug\u00fcn bile siyasi sorunlar yaratmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nGer\u00e7ekten de, \u00e7e\u015fitli Orta Asya cumhuriyetlerini ay\u0131ran s\u0131n\u0131rlar, Sovyet diktat\u00f6r\u00fc<br \/>\nJoseph Stalin taraf\u0131ndan 1924 ve 1936 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131 par\u00e7alamak ve<br \/>\nb\u00f6ylece ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bast\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zbekistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve<br \/>\nTacikistan taraf\u0131ndan payla\u015f\u0131lan Fergana Vadisi, dokuz yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesiyle (Sarvak,<br \/>\nBarka, Kalacha, Khalmion, Chakhimardan, Sokh, Ta\u00efan, Voroukh, Ka\u00efragatch) bu<br \/>\nd\u00fczenin bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Tashtemkhanova ve di\u011ferleri (2015), \u00ab\u00a0Sovyet d\u00f6neminde<br \/>\nyerel dini, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, etnik ve ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fckleri d\u0131\u015flayarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen b\u00f6lge<br \/>\ndevletleri aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n giderek \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u00a0\u00bb<br \/>\nbelirtmektedir.<br \/>\nSovyet s\u0131n\u0131r doktrini, \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan bir T\u00fcrkistan haritas\u0131 \u00e7izmekti: \u00d6zbekistan,<br \/>\nK\u0131rg\u0131zistan [asl\u0131nda Kara-K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kazakistan] ve T\u00fcrkmenistan&rsquo; (Lenin,<br \/>\n1920: 436). Ama\u00e7, &lsquo;K\u0131z\u0131llar&rsquo; ile Beyaz Ruslar aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelenin Rusya&rsquo;n\u0131n geri<br \/>\nkalan\u0131ndaki kadar yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu, ancak Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu&rsquo;nun y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131<br \/>\n\u00fczerinde modern bir T\u00fcrkiye&rsquo;nin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n ve \u0130ran&rsquo;\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nonaylanmas\u0131n\u0131n pan-T\u00fcrkizm, pan-Turanizm ve pan-\u0130slamizm gibi di\u011fer \u00e7eli\u015fkili<br \/>\nak\u0131mlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu bir Orta Asya&rsquo;y\u0131 &lsquo;sovyetle\u015ftirmekti&rsquo;.<br \/>\n\u0130dari a\u00e7\u0131dan ama\u00e7, \u00c7arlardan miras kalan bir dizi heterojen do\u011frudan y\u00f6netim veya<br \/>\nvassall\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 homojenle\u015ftirmekti (Gonon, E., &amp; Lasserre, F. 2003).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-25395\" src=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0012-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0012-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0012-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0012.jpg 864w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-25396\" src=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0009-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0009-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0009-768x549.jpg 768w, https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0009.jpg 863w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/>\n19&rsquo;uncu Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Orta Asya<\/p>\n<div class=\"tumblr-post\" data-href=\"https:\/\/embed.tumblr.com\/embed\/post\/t:zDLwGGJ7YJcKcvge88q9QQ\/166293095626\/v2\" data-did=\"3afcbbc88e150adb17311ff101b8f0ecd701ec02\"  ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tumblr.com\/maptitude1\/166293095626\/central-asia-1800-1830\">https:\/\/www.tumblr.com\/maptitude1\/166293095626\/central-asia-1800-1830<\/a><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/assets.tumblr.com\/post.js?_v=38df9a6ca7436e6ca1b851b0543b9f51\"><\/script><br \/>\nT\u00fcrkistan \u00d6SSC ve K\u0131rg\u0131z \u00d6SSC ile birlikte 1922 Sovyet Orta Asya Haritas\u0131<br \/>\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki harita SSCB&rsquo;nin 1991&rsquo;de resmen da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan iki y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinin bir<br \/>\nfoto\u011fraf\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/4-historical-maps-that-explain-the-ussr\/<br \/>\nSovyet iktidar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan benimsenen emperyal retori\u011fin &lsquo;b\u00f6l ve y\u00f6net&rsquo; politikas\u0131, her<br \/>\n\u015feyden \u00f6nce Orta Asya&rsquo;y\u0131 in\u015fa eden etnik gruplar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamaktan ibaretti. \u00c7arl\u0131k<br \/>\nd\u00f6neminde ba\u0122lat\u0131lan ve Sovyetler taraf\u0131ndan devam ettirilen etnolojik ara\u0122t\u0131rma<br \/>\n\u00e7al\u0131\u0122malar\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n belirlenmesinde etnik-dilsel kimli\u011fin dikkate al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu t\u00fcr<br \/>\n\u00e7al\u0131\u0122malar\u0131n \u00f6rt\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131yla birlikte, b\u00f6lgeyi b\u00f6lmek i\u00e7in temel ara\u00e7 olmu\u0122tur<br \/>\n(Sengupta, 2002: 1120).<br \/>\nCumhuriyetler aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar bazen sonradan de\u011fi\u0122tirilmi\u0122tir &#8211; Kazakistan ve<br \/>\n\u00d6zbekistan aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r 1929, 1930, 1956, 1963 ve 1971 y\u0131llar\u0131nda<br \/>\nde\u011fi\u0122tirilmi\u0122tir (Hamraev, 2005) &#8211; ancak Orta Asya&rsquo;n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz siyasi haritas\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\ngenel yap\u0131s\u0131, Sovyet y\u00f6netiminin ilk on y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 karakterize eden yo\u011fun b\u00f6lgesel<br \/>\n\u00fcretimden miras kalm\u0131\u0122t\u0131r (Maurel, 1982).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-25397\" src=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0011-300x230.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0011-300x230.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0011.jpg 570w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/>\nBa\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, Orta Asya&rsquo;n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi daha \u00e7ok Sovyet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci<br \/>\nve ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin faaliyetlerine maruz kalan bir \u00e7evrede &lsquo;b\u00f6l ve y\u00f6net&rsquo; ilkesini keyfi<br \/>\nolarak uygulamas\u0131 olarak analiz edilmi\u015ftir (Bennigsen, Allworth, Carr\u00e8re d&rsquo;Encausse,<br \/>\nBalland, Roy). \u0130mparatorluk, \u00c7arl\u0131k ve ard\u0131ndan Sovyet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n himayesi alt\u0131nda<br \/>\nulusal kategorilerin keyfi olarak \u00fcretilmesine izin verilen ulusal b\u00f6lgelerin<br \/>\nolu\u015fturulmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkistan b\u00f6lgesel birli\u011finin ortadan kalkmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunacak ve<br \/>\n\u00ab\u00a0pan-\u0130slamc\u0131\u00a0\u00bb ve \u00ab\u00a0pant\u00fcrkist\u00a0\u00bb ak\u0131mlar\u0131n etkisizle\u015ftirilmesine e\u015flik edecekti. B\u00f6ylece<br \/>\nSultan-Galiev, &lsquo;\u0130slam&rsquo; ile &lsquo;kom\u00fcnizmi&rsquo; uzla\u015ft\u0131ran bir doktrin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131<br \/>\nAralo-Hazar havzas\u0131na tekab\u00fcl edecek bir Turan cumhuriyetinin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in<br \/>\nm\u00fccadele etti\u011fi i\u00e7in 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda iktidardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<br \/>\nThorez, J. (2011) \u00ab\u00a0toprak reformu ayn\u0131 zamanda 1918&rsquo;den itibaren genellikle Sovyet<br \/>\nkar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir ulusal kurtulu\u015f hareketinin akt\u00f6rleri olarak asimile edilen sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 gruplar<br \/>\ntaraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen gerilla sava\u015f\u0131na da bir yan\u0131t olabilirdi\u00a0\u00bb diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br \/>\nSultan Galiev, Turanism VS Communism<br \/>\nmirsaid-sultan-galiyev-ve-milli-komunizm.html<br \/>\nBug\u00fcn bu etnik par\u00e7alanma politikas\u0131n\u0131n sonucu, birbirine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f farkl\u0131 halklar\u0131n<br \/>\nayr\u0131l\u0131klarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131rg\u0131zistan&rsquo;\u0131n \u00d6zbekistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki O\u015f kentinde, toprak,<br \/>\nsu ve konuta eri\u015fim konusundaki gerilimler nedeniyle, 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131zlar ve<br \/>\n\u00d6zbekler aras\u0131nda \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131 patlak vermi\u015ftir.<br \/>\nSource: AnadoluAjansi<br \/>\n\u0130kinci olarak, siyasi mirasla ilgili olarak, Orta Asya devletlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu SSCB&rsquo;ninkine<br \/>\nolduk\u00e7a benzeyen, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u015fkanl\u0131k, kom\u00fcnizme yak\u0131n ve nomenklaturaya (kom\u00fcnist<br \/>\n\u00fclkelerde \u00f6zel ayr\u0131cal\u0131klara sahip \u00fcst d\u00fczey yetkililer, \u015fahsiyetler ve politikac\u0131lardan<br \/>\nolu\u015fan bir organ) dayal\u0131 siyasi rejimler geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu siyasi mirastan kurtulmak<br \/>\nzordur. Ancak \u00d6zbekistan, Kazakistan ve K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ekonomik liberalizme ve bir<br \/>\nmiktar demokratikle\u015fmeye do\u011fru ilerlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00fclkeler b\u00fcy\u00fck bir<br \/>\npotansiyele sahiptir ve AB anla\u015fmalar imzalayarak bir ortakl\u0131k geli\u015ftirmeye<br \/>\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, Sovyet politikas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck felaketlerinden biri Orta Asya&rsquo;da<br \/>\nciddi ekolojik sorunlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r. Su havzalar\u0131 i\u00e7in feci sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fck sulama sistemleri olu\u015fturuldu. Aral Denizi bu politikan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k ara en \u00f6nemli<br \/>\n\u00f6rne\u011fidir. 1960&rsquo;lardan \u00f6nce d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc kapal\u0131 deniziydi. Bal\u0131k<br \/>\nn\u00fcfusunun yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede Aralsk (\u015fimdi Kazakistan&rsquo;da) ve Mudnak (\u015fimdi<br \/>\n\u00d6zbekistan&rsquo;da) olmak \u00fczere iki aktif bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 liman\u0131 vard\u0131. Ancak 1960&rsquo;larda Sovyet<br \/>\nh\u00fck\u00fcmeti, yak\u0131ndaki pamuk tarlalar\u0131n\u0131 sulamak i\u00e7in Aral Denizi&rsquo;ni besleyen iki nehrin<br \/>\n(Amu Derya ve Syr Derya) y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, bu iki nehrin<br \/>\nak\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki keskin azalma deniz seviyesinin d\u00fc\u015fmesine neden oldu. Denizin hacmi<br \/>\n1960 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana yakla\u015f\u0131k %70 oran\u0131nda azalm\u0131\u015f ve 1988 y\u0131l\u0131nda ikiye<br \/>\nb\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (kuzeyde Syrdarya taraf\u0131ndan beslenen K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Aral Denizi ve g\u00fcneyde<br \/>\nAmu Derya taraf\u0131ndan beslenen B\u00fcy\u00fck Aral Denizi). Buharla\u015fma denizin tuzluluk<br \/>\nseviyesini \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131 suyu kirletmi\u015f ve deniz ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 (mersin<br \/>\nbal\u0131\u011f\u0131, sazan, ringa bal\u0131\u011f\u0131, vb.) yok etmi\u015ftir. Tuz ve kimyasallarla dolan k\u0131y\u0131 kumlar\u0131 i\u00e7<br \/>\nkesimlere do\u011fru yay\u0131larak b\u00f6lgede \u015fiddetli tuz ve toz f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131na neden olmu\u015f ve<br \/>\nekosistemi zehirlemi\u015ftir. Yerel ekonomi de bundan etkilendi: Aralsk ve Mukhnyak<br \/>\nart\u0131k denizden birka\u00e7 d\u00fczine kilometre uzaktad\u0131r ve bu kasabalardaki bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar deniz<br \/>\nkurutma program\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015flerini kaybetmi\u015flerdir. (Latchininsky, A., &amp;<br \/>\nGapparov, F. A. 1996).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-25398\" src=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0011-1-300x230.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0011-1-300x230.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0011-1.jpg 570w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/>\nAral Denizi&rsquo;ndeki g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri g\u00f6steren Landsat uydu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri mozaikleri.<br \/>\nKaynak: USGS\/NASA; UNEP\/GRID-Sioux Falls taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<br \/>\n\u00d6zetle, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi&rsquo;nin ilk arzusu d\u00fcnyada birinci olmak, Amerika ile<br \/>\nrekabet etmek, \u00fcretimde, g\u00fc\u00e7te ve zenginlikte birinci olmakt\u0131. Bu nedenle \u00fcretimi<br \/>\nh\u0131zla art\u0131rd\u0131lar. Bunun i\u00e7in Orta Asya topraklar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla araziye \u00e7evirdiler ve orada<br \/>\nya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131 tarlalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u00dcretim i\u00e7in neye ihtiya\u00e7 var? Su. Ama<br \/>\nSovyetlerin istedi\u011fi \u015fey a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretimdi, yani topra\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcnden fazlas\u0131, \u00e7ok fazlas\u0131 ve<br \/>\nunutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki her \u015feyin fazlas\u0131 zararl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle Sovyetler, Aral Denizi&rsquo;ne<br \/>\nakan iki nehri (Amou Daria ve Syr Daria) tarlalar\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in kulland\u0131. Bu<br \/>\nnehirler art\u0131k denize akm\u0131yordu. Aral Denizi art\u0131k sulanm\u0131yordu, deniz \u00f6l\u00fcyordu. Bu<br \/>\n\u015fekilde t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya Aral Denizi&rsquo;nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc izledi (Soysal, D. 2017).<br \/>\nBuna ek olarak, g\u00fcbrelenen alanlar mineral tuzlar\u0131n birikmesi nedeniyle k\u0131s\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131 ve<br \/>\nbunun sonucunda Orta Asya&rsquo;da sulanan arazilerin %40&rsquo;\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fiyor. Yo\u011fun g\u00fcbre ve<br \/>\npestisit kullan\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle nehir suyunun kalitesi daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Buna ek<br \/>\nolarak, \u00e7e\u015fitli Orta Asya \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda suya sahip olan \u00fclkeler ile suyu t\u00fcketen<br \/>\n\u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda su konusunda gerginlikler patlak vermektedir.<br \/>\nD\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda SSCB, seyrek n\u00fcfuslu bir b\u00f6lge olan Orta<br \/>\nAsya&rsquo;y\u0131 n\u00fckleer testler ve radyoaktif at\u0131klar\u0131n depolanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br \/>\nKazakistan&rsquo;da, Sovyet rejimi taraf\u0131ndan, \u00fclkenin kuzey do\u011fusunda \u00fc\u00e7 radyoaktif at\u0131k<br \/>\ndepolama sahas\u0131na yak\u0131n bir \u015fehir olan Semipalatinsk de dahil olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt<br \/>\nn\u00fckleer test ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir; SSCB taraf\u0131ndan Orta Asya&rsquo;da, \u00f6zellikle Ferghana<br \/>\nVadisi&rsquo;nde (\u00d6zbekistan, Tacikistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan) bu t\u00fcr on bir saha kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu<br \/>\noperasyonun sonucu, bu b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan n\u00fcfusun sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik do\u011frudan<br \/>\ntehdittir. Semipalatinsk b\u00f6lgesi Orta Asya&rsquo;n\u0131n en kirli b\u00f6lgesidir. \u00ab\u00a0Kazakistan&rsquo;daki<br \/>\nSemipalatinsk N\u00fckleer Test Sahas\u0131 bilim, teknoloji, Sovyet So\u011fuk Sava\u015f militarizmi<br \/>\nve insan biyolojisinin kesi\u015fti\u011fi deneysel bir alan olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131<br \/>\nitibariyle, binlerce insan bu kirli arazinin hemen yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki k\u0131rsal topluluklarda<br \/>\nya\u015famaya devam etmektedir\u00a0\u00bb. \u00ab\u00a0Bug\u00fcn Kazak devleti 1 milyondan fazla vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nSovyet d\u00f6nemi radyasyonuna maruz kalm\u0131\u015f ma\u011fdurlar olarak kabul etmektedir\u00a0\u00bb diye<br \/>\nde ekliyor.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-25399\" src=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0008-300x144.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0008-300x144.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0008-768x369.jpg 768w, https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumbnail_IMG-20240217-WA0008.jpg 896w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/>\nVKazakistan&rsquo;da Sovyet d\u00f6neminden kalma Semipalatinsk N\u00fckleer Test Sahas\u0131.<br \/>\n(Harita Travis Bost taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<br \/>\nMadencili\u011fin b\u00f6lgede at\u0131k biriktirdi\u011fi (alt\u0131n, antimon, c\u0131va) ger\u00e7e\u011finden bahsetmeye<br \/>\nbile gerek yok. Son olarak, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 end\u00fcstriyel ve tar\u0131msal de\u015farjlar nehirlerin, Hazar<br \/>\nDenizi&rsquo;nin ve Almat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinin (g\u00fcney Kazakistan) ve kuzeydo\u011fu Kazakistan&rsquo;\u0131n<br \/>\natmosferinin kirlenmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<br \/>\nSonu\u00e7 olarak, elbette tarih ne beyaz ne de siyaht\u0131r, gridir ve bu Orta Asya&rsquo;daki<br \/>\nSovyet tarihi i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bununla birlikte, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sol politikalar\u0131n felaketleri<br \/>\nbug\u00fcn Orta Asya&rsquo;da hem \u00e7evresel hem de siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan yans\u0131maktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nREFERENCES<br \/>\nHamraev F., 2005, Konflikty na uzbeksko-kazahskoj granice : problemy i re\u0161eni\u00e2 [Les conflits sur la<br \/>\nfronti\u00e8re ouzbeko-kazakhe : probl\u00e8mes et solutions], Tachkent, IFEAC.<br \/>\nLatchininsky, A., &amp; Gapparov, F. A. (1996). Les cons\u00e9quences du dess\u00e8chement de la mer d\u2019Aral sur<br \/>\nla situation acridienne dans la r\u00e9gion. Science et changements plan\u00e9taires\/S\u00e9cheresse, 7(2), 109-113.<br \/>\nLE\u0301NINE, V. I. (1920) Complete Collected Works, vol. 31, 5th ed., Moscow, Political Literature<br \/>\nPublishing House, 1958.<br \/>\nMaurel M.-C., 1982, Territoire et strat\u00e9gie sovi\u00e9tique, Paris, Economica.<br \/>\nSENGUPTA, Anita (2002) Delimitation, Borders and the Unsolved Questions of State Formation in<br \/>\nCentral Asia. Dans Ranabir Samaddar (dir.) Space, Territory and the State. New Readings in<br \/>\nInternational Politics. Himayatnagar (Inde), Orient Longman, pp. 87- 115.<br \/>\nSoysal, D. (2017). Bir denizin olumu. Source Link =<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/www.bruxelleskorner.com\/haber\/bir-denizin-olumu-4169<br \/>\nSoysal, D. (2018). Comment aborder le communisme \u00e0 travers l\u2019exercice des comp\u00e9tences et l\u2019\u00e9tude<br \/>\ndu concept \u00ab totalitarisme \u00bb dans le cadre du cours d\u2019Histoire avec des classes de 6 e ann\u00e9es<br \/>\nG\u00e9n\u00e9rales? M\u00e9moire de bachelier. Haute Ecole Galil\u00e9e. Brussels.<br \/>\nStawkowski, Magdalena E. \u00ab\u00a0\u201cI am a radioactive mutant\u201d: Emergent biological subjectivities at<br \/>\nKazakhstan&rsquo;s Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site.\u00a0\u00bb American Ethnologist 43.1 (2016): 144-157.<br \/>\nTashtemkhanova, R., Medeubayeva, Z., Serikbayeva, A., &amp; Igimbayeva, M. (2015). Territorial and<br \/>\nBorder Issues in Central Asia: Analysis of the reasons, current state and perspectives. The<br \/>\nAnthropologist, 22(3), 518-525.<br \/>\nThorez, J. (2011). Les nouvelles fronti\u00e8res de l\u2019Asie centrale: \u00c9tats, nations et r\u00e9gions en<br \/>\nrecomposition. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography.<br \/>\nGonon, E., &amp; Lasserre, F. (2003). Une critique de la notion de fronti\u00e8res artificielles \u00e0 travers le cas de<br \/>\nl\u2019Asie centrale. Cahiers de g\u00e9ographie du Qu\u00e9bec, 47(132), 433-461.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Derya Sosysal\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\u00a0 \u00a0 AVRUPAPRESS<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Derya Soysal, Orta Asya odakl\u0131 tarih ve co\u011frafya, \u00e7evre bilimleri uzman\u0131 Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi SSCB&rsquo;nin Orta Asya&rsquo;da sanayile\u015fmeyi ve b\u00f6lgenin ekonomik kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00e7ok yoksul k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na \u00f6nem verdi\u011fi do\u011frudur. SSCB ayn\u0131 zamanda bu b\u00f6lgelerin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6r olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitimine de olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Orta Asya&rsquo;da ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi&rsquo;nin di\u011fer [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":25268,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,16,3,17,18,15,19,2,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25394","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-avrupa","category-belcika","category-dunya","category-ekonomi","category-kultur-sanat","category-spor","category-tanitim","category-turkiye","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Sovyet totaliter politikas\u0131n\u0131n Orta Asya \u00fczerindeki feci etkileri - AvrupaPress<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/2024\/03\/02\/sovyet-totaliter-politikasinin-orta-asya-uzerindeki-feci-etkileri\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sovyet totaliter politikas\u0131n\u0131n Orta Asya \u00fczerindeki feci etkileri - AvrupaPress\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Derya Soysal, Orta Asya odakl\u0131 tarih ve co\u011frafya, \u00e7evre bilimleri uzman\u0131 Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi SSCB&rsquo;nin Orta Asya&rsquo;da sanayile\u015fmeyi ve b\u00f6lgenin ekonomik kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. 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