{"id":15214,"date":"2021-05-01T21:56:45","date_gmt":"2021-05-01T21:56:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/?p=15214"},"modified":"2021-05-01T21:57:59","modified_gmt":"2021-05-01T21:57:59","slug":"afgan-gocmenlerin-umuda-yolculuk-hikayesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/2021\/05\/01\/afgan-gocmenlerin-umuda-yolculuk-hikayesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin umuda yolculuk hikayesi…"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en istikrars\u0131z \u00fclkelerinden Afganistan, 40 y\u0131ldan bu yana kesintisiz g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00fcreten bir \u00fclke konumunda. T\u00fcrkiye’de de \u00e7ok say\u0131da Afgan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 ve d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7men var. D\u00fcnyada ve T\u00fcrkiye’deki Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin durumunu derledik.<\/h2>\n

\"40<\/a><\/p>\n

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\"40<\/p>\n

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\"40<\/p>\n

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On y\u0131llard\u0131r devam eden i\u015fgal, \u015fiddet, i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmeler, do\u011fal afetler ve yoksulluk…<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en istikrars\u0131z \u00fclkelerinden Afganistan, 40 y\u0131ldan bu yana kesintisiz g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00fcreten bir \u00fclke.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7,\u00a0Afganistan<\/a>\u00a0tarihinde istikrar kazanm\u0131\u015f nadir olgulardan. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile Afganistan bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ana m\u00fclteci kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerinden biri olarak yerini muhafaza ediyor.<\/p>\n

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\u00dclke profili: Afganistan<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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38,9 milyonluk n\u00fcfusa sahip Afganistan’da 2,65 milyon ki\u015fi yurt i\u00e7inde yerinden edilmi\u015f durumda. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde m\u00fclteci stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip Afganlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ise 2,7 milyon civar\u0131nda. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda m\u00fclteci stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde olmayan di\u011fer s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 246 bin.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyadaki Afgan m\u00fclteciler, Suriyelilerden (6,6 milyon) sonra 2’nci en b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclteci toplulu\u011funu olu\u015fturuyor.<\/p>\n

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\"Grafik:<\/p>\n

[Grafik: TRT Haber \/ Nursel Cobulo\u011flu]<\/div>\n

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T\u00fcm bu veriler kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olan d\u00fczensiz Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menleri kapsam\u0131yor. Bu da toplam Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 Sovyet i\u015fgaliyle ba\u015flad\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Afganistan’da ilk kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 1979’da ba\u015flay\u0131p 1989’da son bulan Sovyet i\u015fgaliyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Sava\u015ftan ka\u00e7an milyonlarca Afgan kom\u015fu\u00a0Pakistan<\/a>\u00a0ve \u0130ran’a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda Afganistan’dan g\u00f6\u00e7 e\u011filimi devam etti. 1990 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerdeki Afgan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 6 milyonu ge\u00e7mi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Sovyet i\u015fgalinin sona ermesiyle 1990 ile 1995 aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da Afgan \u00fclkesine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

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\"Foto\u011fraf:<\/p>\n

[Foto\u011fraf: Reuters]<\/div>\n

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Bir taraftan geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fler devam ederken \u00fclkede farkl\u0131 geli\u015fmeler nedeniyle yeni g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 y\u0131llara g\u00f6re bir\u00e7ok ini\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Taliban’\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc yeniden canland\u0131rd\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda m\u00fccahitlerin zaferi Afganistan\u2019da ikinci d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131na neden oldu. Afganistan’da halka y\u00f6nelik artan bask\u0131 nedeniyle \u00fclkesini b\u0131rak\u0131p\u00a0\u0130ran<\/a>\u00a0ve Pakistan’a y\u00f6nelen Afganlar\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131 yeniden artmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

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ABD’nin Afganistan sava\u015f\u0131ndan geriye kalan b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131m<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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2001’de\u00a0ABD<\/a>\u00a0i\u015fgalinden sonra ise\u00a0Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler<\/a>\u00a0Y\u00fcksek M\u00fclteciler Komiserli\u011finin (UNHCR) geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fleri\u00a0te\u015fvik<\/a>\u00a0politikas\u0131 ve Afganlara sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 destek nedeniyle \u00e7ok say\u0131da Afgan \u00fclkesine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Afganlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 75’i en az bir kere yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmek zorunda kald\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Norve\u00e7 merkezli insani yard\u0131m kurulu\u015fu\u00a0 Norve\u00e7 M\u00fclteciler Konseyinin (NRC) 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, Afganlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 75’i hayatlar\u0131nda en az bir kere farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde de olsa yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Afganistan’da halk\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7e s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen sebeplerin ba\u015f\u0131nda elbette\u00a0sava\u015f<\/a>\u00a0ve \u015fiddet yer al\u0131yor. Ancak ekonomik sorunlar ve do\u011fal afetler de g\u00f6\u00e7 konusunda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6nemli nedenlerden.<\/p>\n

Avrupa’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 e\u011filimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

2015 ile 2016 aras\u0131nda Afganistan’da artan \u015fiddet ve g\u00f6\u00e7 g\u00fczergahlar\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 geli\u015fmeler nedeniyle Afganlar\u0131n Avrupa’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 e\u011filiminde b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015f meydana geldi.<\/p>\n

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\"Grafik<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcne (IOM) g\u00f6re bu 2 y\u0131lda en az 300 bin Afgan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 Avrupa’ya ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu say\u0131yla Afganlar, bu zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Suriyelilerden sonra Avrupa’ya ula\u015fan 2’nci en b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 toplulu\u011funu olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu y\u0131llardan sonra Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin say\u0131lar\u0131nda keskin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f oldu. Bunun en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biri Avrupa Birli\u011fi’nin (AB) 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7 krizine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc giri\u015fimler ve bu kapsamda T\u00fcrkiye ve Afganistan ile ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 geri iade anla\u015fmalar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Geri iadelere kap\u0131y\u0131 a\u00e7an anla\u015fma<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avrupa Birli\u011fi, Ekim 2016’da Afganistan h\u00fck\u00fcmetiyle imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmayla s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunan ve iltica ba\u015fvurular\u0131 reddedilen d\u00fczensiz Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u00fclkelerine iadesi i\u00e7in gerekli hukuki zemini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece Afgan h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 yard\u0131m kozunu kullanan Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, iltica ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131 reddettikleri Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menleri toplu \u015fekilde zorla \u00fclkelerinde geri g\u00f6ndermeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Avrupa Birli\u011fi’nin verilerine g\u00f6re, Afganistan’a geri iadelerde 2016’dan itibaren b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131. Olumsuz sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lan iltica ba\u015fvurular\u0131nda da benzer bir art\u0131\u015f s\u00f6z konusu.<\/p>\n

2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda 3 bin 290 Afgan \u00fclkesine iade edilirken, bu say\u0131 2016’da 9 bin 460’a y\u00fckseldi. \u0130ltica ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131n kabul oranlar\u0131 da y\u00fczde 68’den y\u00fczde 33’e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen Afganlar\u0131n Avrupa’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 e\u011filimi devam etti. Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131yla Afganlar 2019’da Avrupa’ya ula\u015fan d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7menler aras\u0131nda 1’incili\u011fe y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n

BM: 2001’den bu yana 5,7 milyon Afgan’\u0131 \u00fclkesine geri yerle\u015ftirdik<\/strong><\/p>\n

Di\u011fer yandan Avrupa’daki ya\u015fama entegre olamayan ve yard\u0131m almadan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde \u00fclkesine geri d\u00f6nmek isteyen Afganlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yard\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fclkesine d\u00f6nmeyi kabul eden Afganlar da var.<\/p>\n

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin (BM) verilerine g\u00f6re, 2001’den bu yana 5,7 milyon Afgan BM’nin g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc iade programlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda \u00fclkesine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Ancak baz\u0131 raporlara g\u00f6re, geri d\u00f6nenlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yeniden hayat kurma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde zorluklar ya\u015f\u0131yor. Bundan dolay\u0131 d\u00f6nenlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 tekrar g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye y\u00f6nelebiliyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran ve Pakistan’daki Afganlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn Afgan m\u00fcltecilerin y\u00fczde 90’a yak\u0131n\u0131 hala Pakistan ve \u0130ran’da. BM M\u00fclteciler Y\u00fcksek Komiserli\u011finin 2020 verilerine g\u00f6re, Pakistan’da bulunan Afgan m\u00fcltecilerin say\u0131s\u0131 1 milyon 424 bin. \u0130ran’daki Afgan m\u00fclteci say\u0131s\u0131 ise 1 milyona yak\u0131n. Her iki \u00fclkede \u00e7ok say\u0131da kay\u0131ts\u0131z d\u00fczensiz Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menler de oldu\u011fu biliniyor.<\/p>\n

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\"Grafik:<\/p>\n

Pakistan ve \u0130ran siyasi, insani, dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel nedenlerden dolay\u0131 ilk g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131nda Afgan m\u00fcltecilerin uzun s\u00fcreli olarak \u00fclkelerinde kalmalar\u0131na s\u0131cak bakt\u0131. Ancak daha sonraki g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131 ayn\u0131 memnuniyetle kar\u015f\u0131lanmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Pakistan, Afgan m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, ABD\u2019den askeri, ekonomik ve diplomatik alanlarda \u00f6nemli yard\u0131mlar da ald\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fclteci bar\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen siyasi \u00e7eki\u015fmelerden dolay\u0131 \u0130ran \u00e7ok az d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131m alabildi.<\/p>\n

Pakistan ve \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri kendi \u00fclkelerinde ya\u015fayan Afganlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, onlar\u0131n ana vatanlar\u0131ndaki ko\u015fullar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, giderek artan \u015fekilde azaltmay\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ran, Afganlar i\u00e7in hayat pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131 ve \u0130ranl\u0131 i\u015fverenler Afgan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u015fe al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan politikalar uygularken, Pakistan s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerinde bar\u0131nan binlerce Afgan m\u00fclteci kamp\u0131n\u0131 kapatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n da Afganlar i\u00e7in destekli g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f programlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamas\u0131 sonucu \u00e7ok say\u0131da Afgan, Pakistan ve \u0130ran\u2019dan \u00fclkelerine d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece bu iki \u00fclkede bir zamanlar 6 milyonu a\u015fan Afgan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 bug\u00fcnlerde 2,5 milyon civar\u0131na indi.<\/p>\n

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\"Pakistan'\u0131n<\/p>\n

[Pakistan’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti \u0130slamabad’da Afgan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kamplardan biri.<\/div>\n

Pakistan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 \u0130mran Han, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda topraklar\u0131nda do\u011fan Afganlara vatanda\u015fl\u0131k verilmesine kap\u0131y\u0131 aralam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak bu a\u00e7\u0131klama uygulamaya konulmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran’da ise yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar nedeniyle k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen ekonomik durum \u00fclkedeki Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiledi. Sadece 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 800 bin Afgan \u0130ran’dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Bu say\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 Afganistan’a geri d\u00f6nerken, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131s\u0131m Avrupa yollar\u0131na y\u00f6neldi.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran topraklar\u0131ndaki Afganlar\u0131 Suriye’de Be\u015f\u015far Esed’in yan\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015fta milis olarak kullanmakla su\u00e7lan\u0131yor. \u0130ran bu su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 reddetse de Suriye cephelerinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da Afgan milisin oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’deki Afganlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7 veren ve g\u00f6\u00e7 alan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fczergah\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulunan T\u00fcrkiye, Afganistan\u2019da ya\u015fanan g\u00f6\u00e7men dalgalar\u0131ndan en \u00e7ok etkilenen \u00fclkelerden biri.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 3,6 milyon civar\u0131ndaki s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 ile d\u00fcnya birincisi konumunda olan T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00e7ok say\u0131da Afgan da var.<\/p>\n

UNHCR’nin verilerine g\u00f6re, 2020’de T\u00fcrkiye’de kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nan Afgan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 116 bin civar\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

Ancak d\u00fczensiz \u015fekilde g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Afganlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130daresi Kurumunun istatistiklerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye’de yakalanan d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7menler aras\u0131nda Afganlar birinci konumunda.<\/p>\n

D\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn zirve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise T\u00fcrkiye’de 201 bin d\u00fczensiz Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7men tespit edildi.<\/p>\n

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S\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n zorlu umut yolculu\u011fu<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakalanan 122 bin d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7menden 50 binden fazlas\u0131 da Afganlardan olu\u015fuyor.<\/p>\n

En son 14 Nisan’da g\u00fcncellenen verilere g\u00f6re ise 2021’in ba\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana 12 bin civar\u0131nda Afgan kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menler b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde T\u00fcrkiye’yi transit \u00fclke olarak kullan\u0131yor. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye’nin 18 Mart 2016’da Avrupa Birli\u011fi’yle imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mutabakattan sonra s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar i\u00e7in Avrupa kap\u0131lar\u0131 iyice darald\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en istikrars\u0131z \u00fclkelerinden Afganistan, 40 y\u0131ldan bu yana kesintisiz g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00fcreten bir \u00fclke konumunda. T\u00fcrkiye’de de \u00e7ok say\u0131da Afgan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 ve d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7men var. D\u00fcnyada ve T\u00fcrkiye’deki Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin durumunu derledik.     On y\u0131llard\u0131r devam eden i\u015fgal, \u015fiddet, i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmeler, do\u011fal afetler ve yoksulluk… D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en istikrars\u0131z \u00fclkelerinden Afganistan, 40 y\u0131ldan bu yana […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":15216,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,16,3,17,18,15,19,2,1],"tags":[6760,6761],"class_list":["post-15214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-avrupa","category-belcika","category-dunya","category-ekonomi","category-kultur-sanat","category-spor","category-tanitim","category-turkiye","category-uncategorized","tag-afgan-gocmenlerin","tag-umuda-yolculuk-hikayesi"],"yoast_head":"\nAfgan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin umuda yolculuk hikayesi... - AvrupaPress<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/2021\/05\/01\/afgan-gocmenlerin-umuda-yolculuk-hikayesi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin umuda yolculuk hikayesi... - AvrupaPress\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en istikrars\u0131z \u00fclkelerinden Afganistan, 40 y\u0131ldan bu yana kesintisiz g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00fcreten bir \u00fclke konumunda. 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