{"id":10764,"date":"2020-03-07T21:23:59","date_gmt":"2020-03-07T21:23:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/?p=10764"},"modified":"2020-03-07T21:27:45","modified_gmt":"2020-03-07T21:27:45","slug":"8-mart-dunya-kadinlar-gunu-kutlu-olsun-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/avrupapress.com\/main\/2020\/03\/07\/8-mart-dunya-kadinlar-gunu-kutlu-olsun-3\/","title":{"rendered":"8 MART D\u00dcNYA KADINLAR G\u00dcN\u00dc KUTLU OLSUN…"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

8 Mart D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc Nas\u0131l Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131?ABDn New York kentinde bir dokuma fabrikas\u0131… \u00c7ok a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131, \u00e7ok uzun i\u015f g\u00fcnleri ve buna kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretler. Ko\u015fullar\u0131n her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha da dayan\u0131lmaz hale gelmesi, kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin art\u0131k tahamm\u00fcl s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 zorlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Greve \u00e7\u0131kma karar\u0131 alan kad\u0131nlar, taleplerini de a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar: \u201cDaha iyi ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, 10 saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc, e\u015fit i\u015fe, e\u015fit \u00fccret…\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takvimler 8 Mart 1857\u2019yi g\u00f6steriyordu…<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Takvimler
8 Mart 1857\u2019de New York\u2019ta tekstil i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131nlar<\/a>, 16 saatlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri<\/a>, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret ve insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 sebebiyle greve \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bu grev, ABD\u2019deki i\u015f\u00e7i m\u00fccadelesinin \u00f6nemli eylemlerinden biri oldu. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ayaklanmas\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u015f\u00e7i dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 do\u011fdu.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Bu
8 Mart tarih\u00e7elerinde, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan pek \u00e7ok kaynakta 1857 y\u0131l\u0131nda meydana gelen bir yang\u0131nda, greve \u00e7\u0131kan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n fabrikaya kilitlenmesi nedeniyle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesinden s\u00f6z edilir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

ek\u015fi s\u00f6zl\u00fck’ten bir yorum  \ud83e\udd14<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"ek\u015fi<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

8 Mart’\u0131n tarih\u00e7ede hik\u00e2yesini dilimizde belki de en a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde izah eden kaynak, Selgin Z\u0131rhl\u0131 Kaplan’\u0131n Petrol-i\u015f Kad\u0131n Dergisi’nde<\/a> yay\u0131mlanan makalesi. Kulak verelim… <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerikan yang\u0131n tarihi incelenirse, sanayi \u00fcretiminin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren \u00e7ok say\u0131da fabrika yang\u0131n\u0131na rastlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yang\u0131nlar i\u00e7erisinde, tarih\u00e7ede anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bir grev ve kap\u0131lar\u0131n kilitli olmas\u0131yla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen tek yang\u0131n 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda Triangle G\u00f6mlek Fabrikas\u0131’nda \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor…<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Bu
G\u00f6rsel: Petrol-\u0130\u015f Kad\u0131n Dergisi<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, giyim end\u00fcstrisi New York’un en \u00e7ok i\u015f\u00e7i istihdam eden sekt\u00f6r\u00fcyd\u00fc. 1908 ekonomik krizinden sonra \u00fccretler epey d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, kullan\u0131lan i\u011fne-iplik, elektrik ve oturulan sandalyelerin \u00fccreti i\u015f\u00e7ilerden kesilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 65 saate varan haftal\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcreleri bazen 75 saate \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu, haftal\u0131k ortalama \u00fccret ise 5 Dolar<\/a>‘d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Triangle fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n sahipleri Harris ve Blanck, sendika kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tutumlar\u0131yla tan\u0131n\u0131yordu.1909 sonbahar\u0131nda 150 sendikal\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fine son verilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22 Kas\u0131m 1909’da, \u0130LGWU’ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Local 25 Sendikas\u0131, genel grev \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20 binin ayaklanmas\u0131…<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"20
25 Kas\u0131m 1909’da yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 bin i\u015f\u00e7iyi istihdam eden, New York ve civar\u0131, Philadelphia ve Baltimore’dan 600 g\u00f6mlek fabrikas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, y\u00fczde 80’i kad\u0131n, 20 bin g\u00f6mlek i\u015f\u00e7isi greve \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Temel talepleri, alt i\u015fveren (o d\u00f6nemdeki ta\u015feronluk) uygulamas\u0131na son verilmesi; 52 saatlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma haftas\u0131; g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fccretsiz fazla mesainin 2 saati a\u015fmamas\u0131; \u00fccretlerde yap\u0131lan malzeme ve elektrik bedeli kesintilerine son verilmesiydi.ABD<\/a> tarihi belgelerinde \u00ab\u00a0en b\u00fcy\u00fck kad\u0131n grevi\u00a0\u00bb olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan grev, \u015eubat 1910’da sona erdi. \u00c7o\u011fu talepleri kabul edildi.Sadece bir \u015firket s\u00f6zle\u015fme imzalamay\u0131 reddetti: Triangle G\u00f6mlek Firmas\u0131…<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Grev hik\u00e2yesiyle yang\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi i\u015fte burada birle\u015fiyor…<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Grev
Takvimler 1911\u2019in 25 Mart\u2019\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermekteydi. Asch binas\u0131n\u0131n son \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren Triangle G\u00f6mlek Firmas\u0131\u2019nda s\u00f6nmemi\u015f bir sigara izmaritinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilen yang\u0131n, sekizinci katta ba\u015flad\u0131.Ka\u011f\u0131t ve kuma\u015f art\u0131klar\u0131yla dolu olan at\u00f6lyede yang\u0131n h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00f6nce dokuzuncu kat\u0131 sonra onuncu kat\u0131 sard\u0131. Ne olup bitti\u011fini anlayamadan ka\u00e7\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flad\u0131. Asans\u00f6rlere, yang\u0131n merdivenlerine ko\u015fuldu. Ancak sadece bir asans\u00f6r \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r haldeydi ve yang\u0131n merdivenlerine a\u00e7\u0131lan kap\u0131lar kilitliydi. Zaman alevlerden yanayd\u0131…<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden 146 ki\u015fiden 129\u2019u kad\u0131n, bunlar\u0131n 48\u2019i sendika \u00fcyesiydi.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Hayat\u0131n\u0131<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Yang\u0131nda bu kadar \u00e7ok kay\u0131p verilmesi, fabrika sahiplerinin i\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7antalar\u0131 daha kolay kontrol edebilmek i\u00e7in asans\u00f6r say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bire indirmelerine, izinsiz d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in yang\u0131n merdivenlerine a\u00e7\u0131lan kap\u0131lar\u0131 kilitlemelerine ba\u011flan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5 Nisan\u2019da 80.000 bin ki\u015filik bir cenaze y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenlendi. Kad\u0131n Sendikalar Birli\u011fi ve Local 25 Sendikas\u0131 matem y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc protestoyla birle\u015ftirdi.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"5
Y\u00fczbinlerce i\u015f\u00e7i o g\u00fcn i\u015f b\u0131rakarak protesto y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

8 Mart\u2019\u0131n D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc olarak an\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 Clara Zetkin \u00f6nerdi.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"8<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda II. Enternasyonal, Danimarka\u2019n\u0131n Kopenhag kentinde topland\u0131. Almanya<\/a> Sosyal Demokrat Partisi \u00f6nderlerinden Clara Zetkin, 8 Mart’\u0131n \u00ab\u00a0Internationaler Frauentag\u00a0\u00bb (International Women’s Day – D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar<\/a> G\u00fcn\u00fc) olarak an\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerisini getirdi ve \u00f6neri oy birli\u011fiyle kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc ilk kez 19 Mart 1911\u2019de an\u0131ld\u0131…<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"D\u00fcnya
D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar<\/a> G\u00fcn\u00fc ilk kez 19 Mart 1911\u2019de Avusturya<\/a>, Danimarka, Almanya<\/a> ve \u0130svi\u00e7re<\/a>\u2019de an\u0131ld\u0131.G\u00f6sterilere y\u00fcz binlerce kad\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131, oy verme, se\u00e7me se\u00e7ilme, meslek edinme ve mesleki e\u011fitim g\u00f6rme hakk\u0131 istedi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1917’de Rus emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar \u00ab\u00a0Ekmek ve g\u00fcl istiyoruz\u00a0\u00bb sloganlar\u0131yla sokaklara \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"1917'de
Rusya<\/a>‘daki kad\u0131n eylemlerinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131, J\u00fclyen takvimine g\u00f6re 23 \u015eubat’t\u0131. D\u00fcnya genelinde daha yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lan Miladi  takvimde bu tarih 8 Mart’a denk geliyordu.8 Mart\u2019\u0131 8 Mart yapan g\u00fcnlerden biri olarak kabul edilir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. Uluslararas\u0131 Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"3.
\u0130lk y\u0131llarda belli bir tarih saptanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 fakat her zaman ilkbaharda an\u0131l\u0131yordu. Tarihin 8 Mart olarak saptan\u0131\u015f\u0131 1921’de Moskova’da d\u00fczenlenen 3. Uluslararas\u0131 Kad\u0131nlar<\/a> Konferans\u0131’nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Birinci ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde 8 Mart anmalar\u0131 yasakland\u0131.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Birinci<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

60’l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda ABD’de de an\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 ve daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde g\u00fcndeme geldi.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"60'l\u0131<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

BM, tam 66 y\u0131l sonra 8 Mart’\u0131 ‘D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc’ olarak kabul etti.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"BM,<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

BM<\/a> 16 Aral\u0131k 1977 tarihinde 8 Mart’\u0131n \u00ab\u00a0D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar<\/a> G\u00fcn\u00fc\u00a0\u00bb olarak an\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131’da 8 Mart<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Osmanl\u0131'da<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

8 Mart\u2019\u0131 ilk kez 1921\u2019de kom\u00fcnist kad\u0131nlar<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Ankara<\/a>\u2019da bir ba\u011f evinde d\u00fczenlenen toplant\u0131da an\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak 8 Mart\u2019\u0131n tekrar an\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 54 y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesi gerekti…<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Ancak<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1975\u2019te Ankara<\/a> ve \u0130stanbul<\/a>\u2019da \u0130lerici Kad\u0131nlar<\/a> Derne\u011fi’nin giri\u015fimiyle 8 Mart ilk kez kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k olarak 400-500 kad\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla kutland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 Eyl\u00fcl, 8 Mart’\u0131 sevmedi…<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"12<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ne var ki 12 Eyl\u00fcl askeri darbesi ile birlikte, \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcm toplumsal muhalefet oldu\u011fu gibi kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri de yasakland\u0131. D\u00f6rt y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle kitlesel bir anma yap\u0131lamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren ise 8 Mart\u2019lara kat\u0131l\u0131mlar daha kitlesel oldu.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"90\u2019l\u0131<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201880\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan itibaren evlerde toplanmaya ba\u015flayan ve taleplerini soka\u011fa da ta\u015f\u0131yan kad\u0131nlar<\/a> \u00e7e\u015fitli kampanyalar etraf\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201890\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren ise 8 Mart\u2019lar daha geni\u015f kat\u0131l\u0131mlarla an\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda 8 Mart yasaklar\u0131…<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"2016
2016<\/a> y\u0131l\u0131nda Kad\u0131k\u00f6y r\u0131ht\u0131mda bir kad\u0131n g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131rken… <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n